National Resource Center for Cephalopods

Tompsett's (1939) detailed illustrations of anatomy and morphology of Sepia officinalis. 24 plates, 81 figures with figure captions.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Reference Letters
A B C D E F G H I L
M N O P R S T V W Y
-A-
A. 1,2,3 or 4 = Arms I-4.
A.A.F.   = Anterior adductor muscle of funnel.
A.A.G.  = Appendage of accessory gland.
A.A.N.G. = Apertures of accessory nidamental glands.
A.A.S.  = Appendage of seminal vesicle II.
A.A.V.  = Anterior azygos vein.
A.B.      = Anterior ctenidia or branchia.
A.B.G.  = Anterior branchial ganglion.
A.C.A.  = Anterior cephalic artery.
A.C.C.  = Attachment of single lamina to columella of caecum.
AC.N.G. = Accessory nidamental gland.
A.C.V.  = Anterior cephalic vein.
A.D.C.  = Cut surface where retractor muscle of head is attached to diaphragm cartilage.
A.F.      = Anterior end of fin.
A.F.A.   = Anterior fin artery.
A.FI.V.  = Anterior fin vein.
A.F.N.   = Anterior funnel nerve.
A.FU.A.            = Anterior funnel artery.
A.F.V.   = Anterior funnel vein.
A.G.     = Accessory gland.
A.G.A.  = Anterior accessory genital artery.
A.G.5.   = 0pening of genital sac into mantle cavity.
A.G.V.  = Anterior accessory genital vein.
A.H.R.N. = Anterior nerve of retractor muscle of head.
A.L.G.   = Adductor ligament of genital duct.
AM.      = Ampulla  of inksac.
A.M.     = Anterior  chamber of mantle cavity.
A.M.A.  = Anterior mantle artery.
A.M.V.  = Anterior mantle vein.
AN.       = Anus.
A.N.G.  = Artery of nidamental gland.
AN. V.  = Anal valves.
A.O.A.  = Anterior oesophageal artery.
A.OD.   = Aperture of oviduct in viscero-pericardial
coelom.
A.O.M.N. = Anterior oculomotor nerve.
A.P.D.C.  = Aperture in coelom of proximal deferent canal.
A.P.V.  = Anterior vein to pancreatic appendages.
A. R.     = Adductor muscle of radula.
A.R.A.  = Anterior renal artery.
A.R.B.  = Axial part of retractor muscle of branchia.
A.RE.   = Adductor muscle of rectum.
A.S.G.  = Anterior salivary gland.
A.S.I.    = Anterior sphincter muscle of inksac.
A. SU.  = Attachment flange of sucker.           
A.S.VE.II. = Almond-shaped part of seminal vesicle II.          
AU.       = Auricle.
A.V.      = Afferent branchial vessel
A.V.A.  = Aboral vein of arm.
A.V.C.  = Anterior visceral commissure.
A.VP.C.= Aperture of viscero-pericardial coelom.
 
-B-
B.         = Branchia.
B.A.      = Buccal artery.
B.A.M.A.  = Branches of anterior mantle artery to mantle wall.
B.B.C.  = Brachio-buccal commis sure.   
B.C.      = Bursa copulatrix.
B.CA.   = Blood capillary.          
B.CR.   = Brown chromatophore.
B.F.      = Buccal funnel.
B.G.     = Buccal ganglion.
B.GA.   = Branchial ganglion.
B.GL.    = Branchial gland
B.H.      = Branchial heart.
B.L.      = Branchial membrane and ligament.
B.M.     = Buccal mass.
B.ME.   = Basal membrane of retina.
B.N.      = Brachial nerve.  
B.N. 1., 2., 3., 4.  =  Brachial nerves of arms 1-4.
B.P.      = Buccal pocket.
B.P.M.A. = Branches of posterior mantle artery to mantle
B. P. N.            = Nerves of buccal pillars
BR.       = Bridge between orbital cartilages of skull.
BR.A.   = Brachial artery.
BR.A.1.,2.,3., 4.  = Brachial arteries of arms I-4
BR.C.   = Brachial cartilage.
BR.CA. = Branchial cartilage.
BR.G.   = Brachial ganglion.
BR.M.   = Branchial membrane attaching branchial gland to mantle wall.
BR.N.   = Branchial nerve.
BR.V.   = Main branchial vein.
 
-C-
C.         = Cerebral ganglion.
CA.       = Spiral caecum.
CAE.N. = Nerve of caecum.
CA.N.   = Cardiac nerve.
C.B.C.  = Cerebro-brachial commissure.
C.B.S.  = Superior inferior buccal commissure.
C.BU.C.            = Cerebro-buccal commissure.
 
C.C.      = Cephalic cartilage of skull.
C.CA.   = Kolliker's  canal.
C.CE.   = Connective tissue cell.
C.D.C.  = Cut wall of dorsal chamber
CE.A.   = Cephalic artery
CE.C.   = Cerebral cartilage of skull.
C.E.M.  = Cut edge of muscle.
CE.V.   = Cephalic vein.
C.F.      = Cut wall of funnel.
CI.AP.   = Circumoral appendages.
CI.C      = Ciliated canal.
C.I.G.    = Clear centre of ink gland.
CI.M.    = Ciliary muscle of eye.
C.L.      = Muscular capsule of digestive glands.
C.L.C.   = Cut surface of lateral commissure.
C.L.M.  = Protoplasmic connection between limiting cell and limiting membrane.
C.M.     = Cut wall of mantle
C.M.S.  = Circular musclo of stomach
C.N.      =Collar muscle nerve.
CO.      = Coelom.
C.O.G.  = Cut surface of optic ganglion.
CON.    = Connective of spermatophore.
C.O.N.  =Cut surface of optic nerve.
COR.    = Cornea of eye.
C.O.S.  = Communication of optic sinus with vein from head sinuses to cephalic vein.
C.PH.   = Chambers of phragmacone
CR.       = Crop.
C.RO.   = Calcareous rostrum.
C.S.      = Cut edge of skin.
C.SH.   = Calcareous part of shell margin.
C.S.N.  = Nerve of crista statica of statocyst.
C.ST.    = Crista  statica.
C.SU.   = Circular muscle of sucker.
C.S.VE. II. = Circular mass of seminal vesicle II.
C.T.      = Connective tissue.
C.V.C.  = Posterior communication between the two ventral chambers of renal sac.
C.VP.   = Cut wall of viscero-pericardial coelom.
C.V.R.  = Cut wall of ventral chamber of renal sac.
 
-D-
D.A.S.  = Duct of anterior salivary gland.
D.C.      = Dorsal chamber of rena sac.
D.CA.   = Diaphragm cartilage.
D.D.C.  = Distal deferent canal.
D.F.M.  = Dorso-lateral fin muscle
D.F.ME.            = Dorso-lateral fin membrane.
D.G.A.  = Dorsal gastric artery.
D.H.V.  = Dorsal head vein.
D.I.       = Duct of inksac.
D.IS.     = Dorsal surface of inksac.
D.L.      = Duct of digestive gland.
D.O.     = Duct from exterior to orbit.
D.O.A.  = Dorsal orbital artery.
DO.CA. = Dorsal cartilage.
D.PH.   = Dorsal part of phragmacone.
D.S.G.  = Duct of posterior salivary glands.
D.SH.   = Hard calcareous dorsal surface of shell.
D.S.N.  = Nerves to skin of dorsal surface.
D.T.      =Dorsal sucker margin of tentacle head.
 
-E-
E.         = Epidermis.
E.A.      = External argentea of eye.
E.A.M.  = Extrabrachial muscle zone of arm.
E.B.      = Epithelial body of eye.
E.C.      = Equatorial cartilage of eye.
EL.       = Eyelid.
E.M.     = External membrane of spermatophore.
E.P.N.  = Emergence of pallial  and posterior head retractor nerves.
E.S.E.  = Exhalent siphon of funnel.
E.SH.   = Embryonic shell.
E.T.M.  = Extrabrachial muscle zone of tentacle.
E.V.      = Efferent branchial vessel.
E.V.N.  = Emergence of visceral nerve.
EYE.    = Eye.
 
-F-
F.         = Funnel.
F.A.F.   = Foramen of anterior funnel nerve.
F.A.H.   = Foramen of anterior head retractor nerve.
F.A.M.V. = Factors from mantle wall  of anterior mantle vein.
F.A.O.  = Foramen of anterior oculomotor nerve.
F.A.V.   = Foramen in diaphragm cartilage of anterior azygos vein.
F.C.      = Funnel cartilage.
F.C.N.   = Foramen of collar nerve.
F.D.      = Female genital duct.
F.G.      = Funnel gland (Organ of Verrill).
Fl.        = Swimming fin.
FI.C.     = Fin cartilage.
F.I.P.    = Foramen of inferior posterior ophthalmic
nerve.
F.M.     =  Free margin of mantle.
F.MA.   = Foramen magnum of cephalic cartilage.
F.N.      =Nerves of fin.
F.O.B.  = Foramen through membrane communicating between peri-oesophagealand peri-buccal blood sinuses.
F.O.N.  = Foramen of olfactorynerve.
FOOT.  = Foot.
F.O.V.  = Foramen in skull of vein from head sinuses to cephalic vein.
F.P.F.   = Foramen of posterior funnel nerve.
F.P.N.   = Foramcn of postorbital nerve.
F.R.N.   = Foramina  of retinal nerves through sclerotic  cartilage.
F.S.      = " Fork " of ventral part of phragmocone.
F.SH.    = Free margin of shell.
F.S.P.   = Foramen of superior posterior ophthalmic nerve.
F.T.      = Fibrous connective tissue.
F.V.      = Funnel valve.
F.V.E.   = Foramen in skull of ophthalmic vein from eye sinus to cephalic vein.
 
-G-
G.A.     = Genital artery.
G.A.V.  = Genital artery and vein.
G.C.S.  = Groove from region of opening of duct of digestive glands into caecum, to region of stomach.
GD.      = Genital duct.
G.D.N.  = Nerve of genital duct.
G.G.     = Gastric ganglion.
G.J.      = Groove into which dorsal jaw fits.
G.N.C.  = Groove of nuchal cartilage.
GO.      = Gonad.
G.O.     = Groove leading to oesophagus between palatine lobes of buccal mass.
G.OD.   = Glands of oviduct.
G.OR.   = Genital orifice.
G.P.B.  = Groove separating pedal and brachial ganglia.
G.S.     = Genital sac.
G.T.      = Glandular part of tongue.
G.V.     = Genital vein.
G.V.P.  = Groove separating visceral
and pedal ganglia.
 
-H-
H.         = Heart.
H.A.      = Hepatic artery.
H.C.      = Horseshoe cartilage.
HE.       = Head.
HE.A.   = Arteries supplying dorsal part of head.
HO.      = Horn of spermatophore.
H.OES. = Horny lining of oesophagus.
H.R.      =  Horny ring of sucker.
H.R.M.  = Horny covering of anterior part of radula membrane, from which  radula teeth project.
H.RO.   = Horny tissue in region of
H.S.      = Horny lining of stomach.
H.SH.   = Horny part of shell margin.
 
-I-
I.          = Iridocyte.
I.A.       = Intestinal artery.
I.A.N.    = Inferior antorbital nerves.
I.A.O.N.= Inferior anterior ophthalmic nerve.
IB.C.     = Interbrachial  commissure.
I.B.G.    = Inferior buccal ganglion.
I.C.F.    = Inner collar muscle of funnel.
I.G.       = Ink gland.
I.L.        = Inner circular lip.
I.L.S.    = Indentation of digestive gland where it rests against posterior salivary gland.
I.M.       = Internal membrane of spermatophore.
IN.        = Intestine.
I.P.O.N.            = Inferior posterior ophthalmic nerve.
IR.        = Iris.
IR.A.     = Branch of ophthalmic artery to iris.
IS.        = Inksac.
IS.A.     = Inksac artery.
IS.A.V.  = Inksac artery and vein.
I.SI.      = Inhalent siphon of funnel.
IS.N.     = Inksac nerve.
IS.V.     = Inksac vein.
I.W.      = Interbrachial webbing.
 
-L-
L.         = Digestive gland or liver.
L.A.F.   = Lateral adductor muscle of funnel.
L.B.V.   = Lateral brachial vein.
L.C.      = Limiting cell which secretes limiting
membrane of retina.
L.CA.    = Laminae of caecum.
L.CH.    = Living chamber of shell.
L.D.N.   = Nerve of duct of digestive gland.
LE.       = Lens.
L.F.O.   = Lateral ligament contributing to formation of foramen of optic nerve.
LI.V.D   = Posterior limit of communication between
right ventral renal chamber and dorsal renal chamber.
L.M.      = Limiting membrane of retina.
L.M.A.  = Longitudinal muscle zone of arm.
L.M. B. = Lateral retractor muscle of buccal mass.
L.M.T.   = Longitudinal muscle zone of tentacle.
L.M.V.  = Left mesenteric vein.
L.P.      = Lateral pocket or valve of funnel.
L.R.A.   = Lateral ridge of ventral arm.
L.S.      = Last septum of dorsal part of phragmocone.
L.V.D.   = Lumen between ventraland dorsal chambers of renal sac.
-M-
M.        = Mantle.
M.A. I,  = Anterior oculomotor muscle I.
M.A.C. I. = Anterior conjunctive oculomotor muscle I.
M.A.C. II.= Anterior conjunctive oculomotor muscle II.
M.A.V.  = Median mantle artery and vein.
M.BR.   = Muscle of branchia.
M.C.     = Mantle cartilage.
M.CA.   = Mantle cavity.
M.CE.V.= Muscular chamber of cephalic vein.
M.CR.   = Muscle of chromatophore
M.D.     = Male genital duct.
M.F.     = Mantle fold.
M.H.V.  = Median (paired) hepatic vein.
M.I. I.    = Inferior oculomotor muscle I.
M.I. II.   = Inferior oculomotor muscle II.
Ml.M.    = Middle membrane of spermatophore.
M.J.      = Muscle of jaw.
M.M.     = Muscular secondary mantle.
M.M.A. = Median mantle artery.
M.M.V. = Median mantle vein.
MO.      = Mouth.
M. O. L.= Membrane continuous with outer lip, and lining cone enclosing buccal mass.
M.P. I.  = Posterior oculomotor muscle I.
M. P. II. = Posterior oculomotor muscle II.
M.P.B.  = Membrane enclosing posterior part of brain.
M.R.B   = Marginal part of retractor muscle of branchia.
M.R.F.  = Membrane attaching respiratory filament of branchia to axial part of branchial muscle.
M.S.     = Mucous-secreting surface of hectocotylised arm.
M.SH.   = Margin of shell.
M.S.N,  = Nerve of macula statica.
M.ST.   = Macula statica.
M.SU. I.= Superior oculomotor muscle I.
M.SU. II.=  Superior oculomotor muscle II.
M.SU.III.=   Superior oculomotor muscle III.
M.S.V.  = Median shell sac vein.
M.T.      = Muscular central part of tongue.
M.TR. I.  = Trochlear oculomotor muscle I.
M.TR.II.  = Trochlear oculomotor muscle II.
M.TR.III .  = Trochlear oculomotor muscle III.
M.V.A.  = Muscle of ventral arm.
 
-N-
N.         = Nidamental gland.
N.A.      = Aperture of nidamental gland.
N.C.      = Nuchal cartilage.
N.CR.   = Nucleus of pigment cell of chromatophore.
NF.       = Neurofibril of rod of retina.
N.G.N.  = Nerve of nidamental glands (in female).
N.M.CR. = Nucleus of chromatophore muscle.
N.O.G.  = Nerves to optic ganglion.
N.P.      = Needham's pocket.
N.R.F.   = Nerve of retractor muscle of funnel.
N.SU.   = Nerve of sucker.
 
-O-
0.         = 0vary.
O.A.     = 0phthalmic artery.
O.A.S.  = Opening of anterior salivary gland.
O.C.     = 0rbital cartilage of skull.
0.C.A.   = Artery to outer collar muscle.
O.C.F.  = Outer collar muscle of funnel.
O.CR.   = Orange chromatophore.
OD.      = Odontophore.
O.D.C.  = Outline of dorsal chamber of renal sac.
0.D.L.   = 0pening of duct of digestive glands into caecum.
0ES.     = 0esophagus.
O.F.M.  = Origin of retractor muscle of foot.
O.F.R.  = Optic fibre layer of retina.
O.G.     = Olfactory or pedunculate ganglion.
O.I.G.   = Opening of ink gland.
O.L.      = Outer circular lip.
O.M.A.  = Oblique muscle zone of arm.
0.M.B.  = 0blique retractor muscle of buccal mass.
O.N.     = Olifactory nerve.
0.0D.    = 0pening into mantle cavity of oviduct.
0.P.      = 0lfactory pit.
OP. G.  = Optic ganglion.
OP.N.   = Optic nerve.
0.P.S.   = 0pening of duct of posterior salivary glands.
0R.       = Orbit of eye.
0.S       = 0ptic sinus.
0.S.V.   = 0pening from peri-oesophageal sinus into sinus.
0.T.       = 0rifice of testis opening into viscero-pericardial coelem.
O.V.     = 0phthalmic vein.
O.V.C.  = 0pening of vena cava into branchial heart.
O.VP.   = 0utline of viscero-pericardial coelom.
 
-P-
P.         = Pedal ganglion.
PA.       = Pancreatic appendages of duct of digestive gland.
P.A.F.   = Posterior adductor muscle of funnel.
P.AO.   = Posterior aorta.
P.A.V.  = Posterior azygos vein.
P.B.      = Posterior ctenidia or branchia.
P.B.H.  = Position of branchial heart in viscero-pericardial coelem.
P.B.S.  = Peri-buccal blood sinus.
P.C.N.  = Posterior nerve of cephalic vein.
P.D.C.  = Proximal deferent canal.
P.F.      = Posterior end of fin.
P.F.A.   = Posterior fin artery.
P.FI.V.  = Posterior fin vein.
P.F.M.  = Posterior conjunctive fin muscle.
P.F.N.   = Posterior funnel nerve.
P.FU.A.            = Posterior funnel artery.
P.F.V.   = Posterior funnel vein.     
P.G.A.  = Posterior accessory genital artery.
P.GL.    = Pericardial gland.
P.G.V.  = Posterior accessory genital vein.
P.H.R.N. = Posterior nerve of retractor muscle of head.
P.I.G.    = Pigment secreting part of ink gland.
PL.       = Pleural ganglion.           
P.L.      = Palatine lobe containing anterior salivary gland.
P.L.R.   = Pigmented layer of retina.
P.M.     = Posterior chamber of mantle cavity.
P.M.A.  = Posterior mantle artery.  
P.M.C.  = Posterior elastic boundary of mantle cavity.
P.M.V.  = Posterior mantle vein.
P. N.     = Pallial nerve.
P.O.A.  = Posterior oesophageal artery.
P.O.M.N. = Posterior oculomotor nerve.
P.O.N.  = Postorbital nerve.
P.O.S.  = Peri-oesophageal blood sinus.
PR.       = Proostracum.
P.R.A.  = Posterior renal artery.
PR.M.   = Primitive mantle.
P. RO.  = Position of rostrum of shell.
P.S.      = Protuberances of statocyst.
P.S.G.  = Posterior salivary or poison gland.
P.SH.   = Posterior part of shell margin.
P.S.I.    = Posterior sphincter muscle of inksac. P.S.V.            = Posterior shell sac vein.
P.T. P.  = Position of tentacle pocket.
P.V.C.  = Posterior visceral commissure.
PV.G.   = Pleurovisceral gangbon.
PV.N.   = Pleurovisceral nerve.
P.VP.C. = Posterior limit of viscero-pericardial coelom.
P.V.R.M. = Posterior vein to retractor            s muscles of head and funnel.
P.Z.      = Pigment zone of retina.
 
-R-
R.         = Rods of retina.
RA.       = Radula.
R.A.      = Rectal artery.
R.C.      = Radula cartilage.
R.D.C.  = Ridge on dorsal cartilage.
RE.       = Rectum.
RE.A.   = Renal appendages of veins.
RE. N.  = Retinal nerves.
RE.P.   = Renal papilla.
RE.S.   = Renal sac.
R.F.      = Retractor muscle of foot.
R.F.A.   = Artery to retractor muscle of funnel.
R.F.B.   = Respiratory filament of branchia.
R.F.C.   = Retractor muscle of fin cartilage.
R.FU.    = Retractor muscle of funnel.
R.G.     = Radula gland.
R.H.      = Retractor muscle of head.
R.H.A.  = Artery  to retractor muscle of head.
R.I.       = Reservoir of inksac.
R.IN.     -=Grooved longitudinal ridge of intestine.
R.M.     = Radula membrane which  slides over odontophore.
R.M. A. = Radial muscle zone of arm.
R.M.T. = Radial muscle zone of tentacle.
R.M.V.  = Right genito-mesenteric vein.
R.N.      = Renal nerves.
RO.      = Rostrum.
R.R.      = Retractor muscle of radula.
R.V.H.  = Ring vein of head.
 
-S-
S.         = Blood sinus.
S.A.      = Siphuncle  artery
S.A.N. = Superior antorbital nerve.
S.A.O.N.= Superior anterior ophthalmic nerve.
SA.S.   = Sac of Spermatophore.
S.B.G.  = Superior buccal ganglion.
SC.       = Statocyst.
S.C.      = Sphincter muscle of caecum.
SC.C.   = Statocyst cartilage of skull.
SC.CA. = Sclerotic cartilage of eyeball.
S.CE.   = Sensory cell of retina.
S.D.P.  = Septum of dorsal part of phragmocone
S.G.