UTMB Department of Pathology

Directory lookup

Flavivirus and Bunyavirus Research

My research program focuses on two groups of viruses: flaviviruses and bunyaviruses. Both groups contain viruses that are transmitted by arthropods, such as mosquitoes and ticks, and are given the general term of "arboviruses".

The flaviviruses are small icosahedral viruses that contain a genome that is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA. Many flaviviruses are major public health problems, including dengue, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile and yellow fever. All of these viruses are researched in my laboratory.

The bunyaviruses are also icosahedral viruses but have a tripartite genome consisting of three pieces of single-stranded, negative-sense RNA. The family Bunyaviridae is divided into five genera. My laboratory works on members of the Bunyavirus and Phlebovirus genera. Current studies focus on Oropouche virus, a member of the Simbu serogroup of the genus Bunyavirus, which causes a febrile illness similar to dengue. It is classified as an emerging disease. The virus is found in tropical areas of South America and has been responsible for epidemics involving 100,000 or more human infections.

The research program can be divided into two main themes, those of vaccine development and therapeutics.. A multidisciplinary approach is taken to research utilizing a range of molecular techniques (including reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, molecular cloning, expression, nucleotide sequencing and reverse genetics, i.e., rescue of viral RNA from cDNA) and biological properties (serology, membrane receptor studies, and pathogenesis). In addition, with collaborators in the Sealy Center for Structural Biology, we are looking at the structure-function of flavivirus proteins. The vaccine-orientated research is investigating the molecular basis of virulence and attenuation of Japanese encephalitis and yellow fever viruses, and basic research towards the development of vaccines against dengue and West Nile. We are also studying the molecular epidemiology of all the viruses described above to define the epigeography, genetic differences between virus strains and relate these differences to the biology of the viruses and to the ecological niches these viruses occupy.

My research involves a number of collaborations, including intramural collaborations with other arbovirologists in the Center for Tropical Diseases (Drs. Steve Higgs, Bob Tesh and Scott Weaver). I also collaborate with Drs. David Niesel (Department of Microbiology and Immunology) on genetic manipulation of Salmonella and Mycobacteria and Gerald Campbell (Department of Pathology) on neurotropism and pathogenesis of flaviviruses. In addition, I collaborate with members of the Sealy Center for Structural Biology (Drs. David Gorenstein, Bruce Luxon, Jim Lee and Stan Watowich) investigating the structure-function of the flavivirus envelope protein and design of antiviral agents. I also have a number of extramural collaborations including the Division of Virology, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, U.K. looking at yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis vaccines, University of Liverpool, UK looking at Japanese encephalitis virus, and Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention investigating West Nile. In addition I collaborate with U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belem, Brazil and Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales (CENETROP), Santa Cruz, Bolivia

1. Volk DE, Kallick DA, Holbrook MR, Beasley DWC, BARRETT ADT and Gorenstein DG. Letter to the Editor: 1H, 13C and 15N resonance assignments for domain III of the West Nile virus envelope protein. J Biomol NMR 29: 445-6, 2004
2. Yu S, Wuu A, Basu R, Holbrook MR, BARRETT ADT and Lee JC. Protein stability and structural dynamics of envelope protein domain III of mosquito- and tick-borne flaviviruses. Biochemistry 43: 9168-76, 2004
3. Mutebi JP, Rijnbrand RCA, Wang H, Ryman KD, Wang E, Fulop LD, Titball R, and BARRETT ADT. Genetic Relationships and Evolution of Genotypes of Yellow Fever Virus and other Members of the Yellow Fever Virus Group within the Flavivirus Genus. J Virol 78: 9652-65, 2004
4. Ratterree MC, Gutierrez RA, Travassos da Rosa A, Dille BJ, Beasley DWC, Bohm RP, Deasi SM, Didier PJ, Bikenmeyer LG, Dawson GJ, Leary TP, Schochetman G, Phillippi-Falkenstein K, Arroyo J, BARRETT ADT and Tesh RB. Experimental infection of rhesus monkeys with West Nile virus: level and duration of viremia and kinetics of the antibody response following infection. J. Inf Dis 189: 669-676, 2004
5. Li L, Rollin PE, Nichol ST, Shope RE, BARRETT ADT and Holbrook, MR. Molecular determinants of antigenicity of two subtypes of the tick-borne flavivirus Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus. J Gen Virol 85: 1619-24, 2004
6. Beasley DWC, Holbrook MR, Travassos da Rosa APA, Coffey L, Carrara A-S, Phillippi-Falkenstein K, Bohm RP, Ratterree MS, Ludwig GV, Estrada-Franco J, Weaver SC, Tesh RB, Shope RE and BARRETT ADT. Detection of antibodies to West Nile virus in mouse, monkey and horse sera using a recombinant envelope protein subunit antigen. J Clin Micro 42: 2759-65, 2004
7. Gerrard SR, Li L, BARRETT ADT and Nichol ST. Ngari virus is a bunyamwera virus reassortant that can be associated with large outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever in Africa. J. Virol 78: 8922-26, 2004
8. Beasley DWC, Li L, Suderman MT, Guirakhoo F, Trent DW, Monath TP, Shope RE and BARRETT ADT Protection against Japanese encephalitis virus strains representing four genotypes by passive transfer of sera raised against ChimeriVax-JE experimental vaccine. Vaccine 22, 3722-26, 2004
9. Holbrook MR, Shope RE and BARRETT ADT. Differential diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis serocomplex flaviviruses using recombinant E protein domain III-based ELISA assays. J Clin Micro 42: 4101-10, 2004
10. Mutebi JP, Gianella A, Travassos da Rosa APA, Tesh RB, BARRETT ADT and Higgs S. Infectivity of yellow fever virus for Bolivian Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Emerg Inf Dis 10: 1657-60, 2004
11. Volk DE, Beasley DWC, Kallick DA, Holbrook MR, BARRETT ADT and Gorenstein DG. Solution structure and antibody binding studies of domain III from the envelope protein of the New York strain of West Nile virus. J Biol Chem 279: 38755-61, 2004
12. Vasconcelos PFC, Bryant JE, Travassos da Rosa APA, Tesh RB, Rodrigues SG and Barrett ADT Genetic divergence and dispersal of yellow fever virus in Brazil: periodic expansions of the enzootic zone. Emerg Inf Dis 10: 1578-84, 2004
13. Solomon T, Ni H, Beasley DWC, Ekkelenkamp M, Cardosa MJ and BARRETT ADT. The origin and evolution of Japanese encephalitis virus in southeast Asia. J. Virology 77: 3091-3098, 2003
14. Solomon T, Fisher AF, Beasley DWC, Mandava P, Gannwehr BP, Langsjoen H, Travassos da Rosa AP, Indikovs A, BARRETT ADT and Tesh RB. Natural and nosocmoal infection in a patient with West Nile encephalitis and extrapyramidal movement disorders. Clin Inf Dis 36, E140-45, 2003
15. McArthur MA, Suderman MT, Mutebi JP, Xiao S-Y, and BARRETT ADT. Molecular characterization of a hamster viscerotropic strain of yellow fever virus. J. Virol. 77: 1462-1468, 2003
16. Bryant J, Wang , Cabezas C, Ramirez G, Watts D, Russell K and BARRETT ADT. Enzootic transmission of yellow fever virus in Peru. Emerg Inf Dis. 9: 926-933,2003.
17. Bryant JE and BARRETT ADT. Comparative phylogenies of yellow fever isolates from Peru and Brazil. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 39:103-118, 2003
18. Davis CT, Beasley DWC, Guzman H, Raj P, D’Anton M, Tesh RB and BARRETT ADT Genetic variation among geographically distinct West Nile virus isolates collected in the Unites States during 2002. Emerg Inf Dis 9: 1423-1429, 2003.
19. Estrada-Franco JG, Navarro-Lopez R, Beasley DWC, Coffey L, Carrara A-S, Travassos da Rosa A, Clements T, Wang E, Ludwig GV, Campomanes Cortes A, Paz Ramirez P, Tesh RB, BARRETT ADT and Weaver SC. Isolation of West Nile virus in Mexico and serologic evidence of widespread circulation since July 2002. Emerging Inf Dis 9: 1604-7, 2003
20. Lin D, Li L, Dick D, Feldmann H, Shope RE, BARRETT ADT and Holbrook MR. Genetic analysis of the complete genome of the tick-borne flavivirus Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus. Virology 313: 81-90, 2003
21. White MA, Liu D, Holbrook MR, Shope RE, BARRETT ADT and Fox RO. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of Langat virus envelope protein domain III. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography 59, 1049-51, 2003
22. Beasley DWC, Davis CT, Guzman H, Vanlandingham DL, Travassos ADR, Parsons RE, Higgs S, Tesh RB and BARRETT ADT. Limited evolution of West Nile virus during its southwesterly spread in the United States. Virology 309: 190-95, 2003
23. Beasley DWC, Li L, Suderman MT and BARRETT ADT. Mouse neuroinvasive phenotype of West Nile virus strains varies depending upon virus genotype. Virol 296: 17-23, 2002
24. Beasley DWC and BARRETT ADT. Identification of neutralizing epitopes within structural domain III of the West Nile virus envelope protein. J. Virol. 76:13097-13100,2002
25. Shurtleff AC, Beasley DWC, Chen JY, Ni H, Suderman MT, Wang H, Xu R, Wang E, Weaver SC, Watts DM, Russell KL and BARRETT ADT. Genetic variation in the 3 non-coding region of dengue viruses. Virology 281: 75-87, 2001
26. Wang H, Beasley DWC, Li L, Holbrook MR and BARRETT ADT. Nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the middle RNA segment of Oropouche virus, a Simbu seogroup virus: Comparison with the middle RNA of Bunyamwera and California serogroup viruses. Virus Research 73: 153-162, 2001
27. Bhadwaj S, Holbrook MR, Shope RE, BARRETT ADT, and Watowich SJ. Biophysical characterization and vector-specific antagonist activity of domain III of the tick-borne flavivirus envelope protein. J. Virol 75: 3999-4001, 2001.
28. Holbrook MR, and BARRETT ADT. Langat virus M protein is structurally homologous to prM. J. Virol 75: 3996-3998, 2001
29. Saeed MF, Li L, Wang H, Weaver SC and BARRETT ADT. Phylogeny of the Simbu serogroup of the genus Bunyavirus. J. Gen. Virol. 82: 2173-2181, 2001
30. Mutebi JP, Wang H, Li L, Bryant JE and BARRETT ADT. Phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships of yellow fever virus in Africa. J. Virology 75: 6999-7008, 2001
31. Beasley DWC, Suderman MT, Holbrook MR and BARRETT ADT. Nucleotide sequence and serological evidence that the recently recognized Deer Tick Virus is a genotype of Powassan virus. Virus Research 79: 81-89,2001.
32. Crocquet-Valdez PA, Diaz-Montero CM, Feng HM, BARRETT, ADT and Walker DH. Immunization with a portion of rickettsial outer membrane protein A stimulates protective immunity against spotted fever rickettsiosis. Vaccine 20: 979-988, 2001
33. Stowe RP, Pierson DL and BARRETT AST. Elevated stress hormone levels related to Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in astronauts. Psychosom Med. 63: 891-895, 2001
34. Saeed MF, Wang H, Suderman M, Beasley DWC, travassos da Rosa A, Li L, Shope RE, Tesh RB and BARRETT ADT. Jatobal virus is a reassortant containing the small RNA of Oropouche virus. Virus Research 77: 25-30, 2001
35. Saeed MF, Numes M, Vasconcelos PF, Travassos da Rosa APA, Watts DM, Russell K, Shope RE, Tesh RB and BARRETT ADT. Diagnosis of Oropouche virus infections using a recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based enzyme immuno assay. J. Clin. Micro. 39: 2445-2452, 2001
36. Holbrook MR, Ni H, Shope RE, and BARRETT ADT. Amino acid substitution in the stem – anchor region of Langat virus envelope protein attenuates mouse neurovirulence. Virol 286: 54-61, 2001.
37. Ni H, Ryman KD, Wang H, Saeed MF, Hull R, Wood D, Minor PD, Watowich SJ and BARRETT ADT. Interaction of yellow fever French neurotropic vaccine strain with monkey brain: characterization of monkey brain membrane receptor escape variants. J. Virol. 74: 2903-2906, 2000
38. Monath TP, Levenbrook I, Soike K., Zhang ZX, Ratteree M, Draper K., BARRETT ADT, Nichols R, Weltzin R, Arroyo J and Guirakhoo F. Chimeric yellow fever 17D-Japanese encephalitis (ChimeriVax-JE) vaccine: Dose-response effectiveness and extended safety testing in rhesus monkeys. J. Virol. 74: 1742-1751, 2000
39. Saeed MF, Wang H, Nunes M, Vasconcelos P, Weaver SC, Shope RE, Watts DM, Tesh RB and BARRETT ADT. Nucleotide sequence determination and phylogeny of the nucleopsid gene of Oropouche virus. J. Gen. Virol. 81: 743-748, 2000
40. Holbrook MR, Li Li, Suderman MT, Wang H and BARRETT ADT. The French neurotropic vaccine strain of yellow fever virus accumulates mutations slowly during passage in cell culture. Virus Research 69: 31-39, 2000
41. Wang E, Ni H, Xu R, BARRETT ADT, Watowich SJ, Gubler DJ and Weaver SC. Phylogenetic analysis of endemic/epidemic dengue emergence from sylvatic progenitors. J.Virol. 74:3227-3234, 2000
42. Stowe RP, Pierson DL, Feedback DL and BARRETT ADT. Space flight-included lytic replication of Epstein-Barr virus. Neuro Immuro Modulation 8:51-58, 2000
43. Dunster LM, Wang H, Ryman KD, Miller BR, Watowich SJ, Minor PD and BARRETT ADT. Molecular and biological changes associated with HeLa cell attenuation of wild-type yellow fever Virus. Virology 261: 309-318, 1999
44. Monath TP, Soike K, Levenbrook, I, Zhang ZX, Arroyo J, Delagrave S, Myers G, BARRETT ADT, Shope RE, Chambers TJ, Guirakhoo F. Recombinant, chimaeric live, attenuated vaccine (ChimeriVax) incorporating the envelope genes of Japanese encephalitis (SA14-14-2) and the capsid and nonstructural genes of yellow fever (17D) is safe, immunogenic and protective in non-human primates. Vaccine 17: 1869-1882, 1999
45. Guirakhoo F, Zhang Z-X, Delagrave S, Arroyo J, BARRETT ADT, Chambers T and Monath TP. Immunogenicity, genetic stability, and protective efficacy of a recombinant, chimeric yellow-fever-Japanese encephalitis virus (ChimeriVax-JE) as a live, attenuated vaccine candidate against Japanese encephalitis. Virology 257: 363-372, 1999
46. Ni H and BARRETT ADT. Attenuation of Japanese encephalitis virus by selection of its mouse brain membrane receptor preparation escape variants. Virology 241: 30 - 36, 1998
47. Ryman KD, Ledger TN, Campbell GA, Watowich SJ, BARRETT ADT. Mutation in a 17D-204 vaccine substrain-specific envelope protein epitope alters the pathogenis of yellow fever virus in mice. Virology 244: 59 - 65, 1998
48. Stowe RP, Cubbage ML, Sams CF, Pierson DL, BARRETT ADT. Detection and quantification of Epstein-Barr virus EBERI in EBV-infected cells by fluorescent in situ hybridization and flow cytometory. J. Virol. Methods 75: 83-91, 1998.
49. Xie H, Cass A, BARRETT ADT. Yellow fever 17D vaccine virus isolated from healthy vaccinees accumulates very few mutations. Virus Res. 55: 93-99, 1998.
50. Xie H, Ryman KD, Campbell GA, BARRETT ADT. Mutation in NS5 protein alters the mouse neurovirulence of yellow fever virus. J. Gen. Virol. 79: 1895-1899, 1998
51. Robb C.W., Ni H., Wang H., BARRETT ADT. and Niesel D.W. Expression of 18kDa::PhoA fusion protein in Mycobacterium spp. J. Micro. Methods 33: 245-254, 1998.
52. Ryman KD, Ledger TN, Xie H, Campbell GA, BARRETT ADT. Antigenic variants of yellow fever virus with an altered neurovirulence phenotype in mice. Virology 230: 376-380, 1997
53. Wang H, Jennings AD, Ryman KD, Late CM, Wang E, Ni H, Minor PD and BARRETT ADT. Genetic variation between strains of wild-type yellow fever virus from Senegal. J Gen Virol 78: 1349-1352, 1997
54. Ryman KD, Ledger TN, Weir RC, Schlesinger JJ, BARRETT ADT. Yellow fever virus envelope protein has two discrete type-specific neutralizing epitopes. J Gen Virol 78: 1353-1356, 1997
55. Ni H, BARRETT ADT. Molecular differences between wild-type Japanese encephalitis virus strains of high and low mouse neuroinvasiveness. J Gen Virol 77: 1449-1455, 1996
56. Wang E, Weaver SC, Shope RE, Tesh RB, Watts DM, BARRETT ADT. Genetic variation in yellow fever virus: Duplication of a region in the 3' noncoding region of strains from West Africa. Virology 225: 274-281, 1996
57. Cao JX, Ni H, Campbell GA, Sil BK, Ryman KD, Kitchen I, BARRETT ADT. Passage of Japanese encephalitis virus in HeLa cells results in attenuation of virulence in mice. J Gen Virol 76: 2757-2764, 1995
58. Ni H, BARRETT ADT. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the structural protein genes of Japanese encephalitis viruses from different geographical locations. J Gen Virol 76: 401-407, 1995
59. Fulop LD, BARRETT ADT, Titball RW. Nucleotide sequence of the NS5 gene of Banzi virus: comparison with other flaviviruses. J Gen Virol 76: 2317-2321, 1995
60. Wang E, Ryman KD, Jennings AD, Wood DJ, Taffs F, Minor PD, Sanders PG, BARRETT ADT. Comparison of the genomes of wild-type French Viscerotropic strain of yellow fever virus with its vaccine derivative French neurotropic vaccine. J Gen Virol 76: 2749-2755, 1995
61. Ni H, Chang G-JJ, Xie H, Trent DW, BARRETT ADT. Molecular basis of attenuation of neurovirulence of wild-type Japanese encephalitis virus strain SA14. J Gen Virol 76: 409-413, 1995
62. Jennings AD, Gibson CA, Miller BR, Mathews JH, Mitchell CJ, Roehrig JT, Wood DS, Taffs F, Sil BK, Whitby SN, Whitby JE, Monath TP, Minor PD, Sanders PG, BARRETT ADT. Analysis of a yellow fever virus isolated from a fatal case of vaccine-associated human encephalitis. J Infect Dis 169: 513-519, 1994.
63. Ni H, Burns MJ, Chang G-JJ, Zhang M-S, Wills MR, Trent DW, Sanders PG, BARRETT ADT. Comparison of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the 5' non-coding region and structural protein genes of the wild-type Japanese encephalitis virus strain SA14 and its attenuated vaccine derivatives. J Gen Virol 75: 1505-1510, 1994
64. Mathews JH, Kinney RM, Roehrig JT, BARRETT ADT, Trent DW. Murine T-helper cell immune response to recombinant vaccinia-Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Vaccine 12: 620-624, 1994
65. Jennings AD, Whitby JE, Minor PD, BARRETT ADT. Comparison of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the envelope protein genes of wild-type French viscerotropic strain of yellow fever virus and the live vaccine strain, French neurotropic vaccine derived from it. Virology 192: 692-695, 1993
66. Whitby JE, Jennings AD, BARRETT ADT. Nucleotide sequence of the envelope protein gene of the tick-borne flavivirus, Kumlinge A52. Virus Genes 7: 145-149, 1993
67. Jennings AD, Whitby JE, Minor PD, BARRETT ADT. Comparison of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the structural protein gene of the yellow fever vaccine strains from Sengal with that of other yellow fever vaccine viruses. Vaccine 11: 679-681, 1993
68. Whitby JE, Whitby SN, Jennings AD, Stephenson JR, BARRETT ADT. Turkish tick-borne encephalitis virus envelope protein gene is genetically distinct from those of known strains of louping ill virus and other viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis virus complex. J Gen Virol 74: 921-924, 1993
69. Whitby JE, Ni H, Whitby HE, Jennings AD, Bradley LM, Lee JM, Lloyd G, Stepherson JR, BARRETT ADT. Detection of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex by RT-PCR of viral RNA. J Virol Methods 45: 103-114, 1993
70. Vorndam V, Mathews JH, BARRETT ADT, Roehrig JT, Trent DW. Molecular and biological characterization of a non-glycoslyated isolate of St Louis encephalitis virus. J Gen Virol 74: 2653-2660, 1993
71. Wills MR, Singh BK, Debnath ND, BARRETT ADT. Immunogenocity of wild-type and vaccine strains of Japanese encephalitis virus and the effect of haplotype restriction on murine immune responses. Vaccine 11: 761-766, 1993.
72. Fulop L, BARRETT ADT, Phillpotts R, Martin R, Leslie D, Titball RW. Rapid identification of flaviviruses based on conserved NS5 gene sequences. J Virol Methods 44: 179-188, 1993
73. da Silva Martins NR, Mockett APA, BARRETT ADT, Cook JKA. Local and systemic antibody class responses to an infectious laryngotracheitis virus vaccine strain. Avian Diseases 21: 97-106, 1992.
74. Sil BK, Wills MR, Cao JX, Sharda R, Islam MA, Stagg DJ, Jennings AD, Gibson CA, BARRETT ADT. Immunogenicity of experimental live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine viruses and comparison with wild type strains using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Vaccine 10: 329-333, 1992.
75. Paton DJ, Lowings JP, BARRETT ADT. Epitope gp53 mapping of the gp53 envelope protein of bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Virology 190: 763-772, 1992
76. Ledger TN, Sil BK, Wills MR, Lewis G, Kinney RM, Jennings AD, Stephenson JR, BARRETT ADT. Variation in the biological function of envelope protein epitopes of yellow fever vaccine viruses detected with monoclonal antibodies. Biologicals 20: 117-128, 1992.
77. Wills MR, Sil BK, Cao JX, Yu YX, BARRETT ADT. Antigenic characterization of the live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine virus SA14-2: a comparison with isolates of the virus covering a wide geographic area. Vaccine 10: 861-872, 1992
78. Whitby JE, Jennings AD, BARRETT ADT. Improved reverse transcription and amplification of flaviviral RNA following low level methyl mercury hydroxide denaturation. Methods in Molecular and Cell Biology 3: 193-197, 1992
79. Sil BK, Dunster LM, Ledger TN, Wills MR, Minor PD, BARRETT ADT. Identification of envelope protein epitopes that are important in the attenuation process of wild-type yellow fever virus. J Virol 66: 4265-4270, 1992
80. Ledger TN, Sil BK, Dunster LM, Stephenson JR, Minor PD, BARRETT ADT. Yellow fever 17DD vaccine is temperature sensitive when grown in mosquito C6-36 cells. Vaccine 10: 652-654, 1992
81. da Silva Martins NR, Mockett APA, BARRETT ADT, Cook JKA. IgM responses in chicken serum to live and inactivated infectious bronchitis virus vaccines. Avian Diseases 35: 470-475, 1991.
82. Debnath N, Tierney R, Sil BK, Wills MR, BARRETT ADT. In vitro homotypic and heterotypic interference by defective interfering particles of West Nile virus. J Gen Virol 72: 2705-2711, 1991.
83. BARRETT ADT, Mathews JH, Miller BR, Medlen AR, Ledger TN, Roehrig JT. Identification of monoclonal antibodies that distinguish between 17D-204 and other strains of yellow fever virus. J Gen Virol 71: 13-18, 1990.
84. Dunster LM, Gibson CA, Stephenson JR, Minor PD, BARRETT ADT. Attenuation of virulence of flaviviruses following passage in Hela cells. J Gen Virol 71: 601-607, 1990
85. BARRETT ADT, Monath TP, Cropp CB, Adkins JA, Ledger TN, Gould EA, Schlesinger JJ, Kinney RM, Trent DW. Attenuation of wild type yellow fever virus by passage in HeLa cells. J Gen Virol 71: 2301-2306, 1990.
86. Gibson CA, Dunster LM, Bouloy M, Minor PD, Sanders PG, BARRETT ADT. Primer extension dideoxy chain termination nucleotide sequencing of partially purified RNA virus genomes: A technique for investigating low titre viruses with extensive genome secondary structure. J Virological Methods 29: 167-176, 1990.
87. Gibson CA, Wills MR, Gould EA, Sanders PG, BARRETT ADT. Effect of the administration of sodium aurothiomalate on the virulence of yellow fever virus in mice. Vaccine 8: 590-594, 1990.
88. Kelly V, Kensit J, BARRETT ADT. Hepatitis D (Delta) infection in Southeast London. Lancet I: 45, 1989.
89. BARRETT ADT, Pryde A, Medlen AR, Ledger TN, Whitby JE, Gibson CA, deSilva M, Groves DJ, Langley DJ, Minor PD. Examination of the envelope glycoprotein of yellow fever vaccine viruses with monoclonal antibodies. Vaccine 7: 333-336, 1989
90. Kinney RM, Esposito JJ, Mathews JH, Johnson BJB, Roehrig JT, BARRETT ADT, Trent DW. Recombinant vaccinia virus/Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus protects mice from peripheral VEE virus challenge. J Virol 62: 4697-4702, 1988.
91. Kinney RM, Esposito JJ, Johnson BJB, Roehrig JT, BARRETT ADT, Trent DW. Recombinant vaccinia/Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus expresses VEE structural proteins. J Gen Virol 69: 3005-3013, 1988.
92. BARRETT ADT, Gould EA. Comparison of neurovirulence of different strains of yellow fever virus in mice. J Gen Virol 67: 631-637, 1986.
93. Gould EA, Buckley A, BARRETT ADT, Cammack N. Neutralizing (54k) and non-neutralizing (54k and 48k) monoclonal antibodies against structural and non-structural yellow fever virus proteins confer immunity in mice. J Gen Virol 67: 591-595, 1986.
94. Atkinson T, BARRETT ADT, Mackenzie A, Dimmock NJ. Persistence of virulent Semliki Forest virus in mouse brain following co-inoculation with defective interfering particles. J Gen Virol 67: 1189-1194, 1986.
95. BARRETT ADT, Gould EA. Antibody mediated early death in vivo after infection with yellow fever virus. J Gen Virol 67: 2538-2542, 1986.
96. BARRETT ADT, Cross AJ, Crow TJ, Johnson JA, Guest AR, Dimmock NJ. Subclinical infections in mice resulting from the modulation of a lethal dose of Semliki Forest virus with defective interfering viruses: neurochemical abnormalities in the central nervous system. J Gen Virol 67: 1727-1732, 1986.
97. BARRETT ADT, Dimmock NJ. Differential effects of defective interfering Semliki Forest virus on cellular and virus polypeptide synthesis. Virology 142: 59-67, 1985.
98. Gould EA, Buckley A, Cammack N, BARRETT ADT, Clegg JCS, Ishak R, Varma MGR. Examination of the immunological relationships between flaviviruses using yellow fever virus monoclonal antibodies. J Gen Virol 66: 1369-1382, 1985.
99. Cubitt WD, BARRETT ADT. Propagation and preliminary characterization of a chicken candidate calcivirus. J Gen Virol 66: 1431-1438, 1985.
100. BARRETT ADT, Dimmock NJ. Properties of host and virus which influence defective interfering virus mediated protection of mice against Semliki Forest virus lethal encephalitis. Arch Virol 81: 185-188, 1984.
101. BARRETT ADT, Dimmock NJ. Modulation of Semliki Forest virus-induced infection of mice by defective interfering virus. J Infect Dis 150: 98-104, 1984
102. BARRETT ADT, Dimmock NJ. Variation in homotypic and heterotypic interference by defective interfering viruses derived from different strains of Semliki Forest virus and from Sindbis virus. J Gen Virol 65: 1119-1122, 1984.
103. Cubitt WD, BARRETT ADT. Propagation of a human candidate calcivirus in cell culture. J Gen Virol 65: 1123-1126, 1984.
104. BARRETT ADT, Hunt N, Dimmock NJ. A rapid method for the inactivation of virus infectivity prior to assay for interferons. J Virol Methods 8: 349-351, 1984.
105. BARRETT ADT, Guest AR, Mackenzie A, Dimmock NJ. Protection of mice infected with a lethal dose of Semliki Forest virus by defective interfering virus: modulation of virus multiplication. J Gen Virol 65: 1909-1920, 1984.
106. BARRETT ADT, Cubitt WD, Dimmock NJ. Defective interfering particles of Semliki Forest virus are smaller than particles of standard virus. J Gen Virol 65: 2265-2268, 1984
107. BARRETT ADT, Crouch CF, Dimmock NJ. Defective interfering Semliki Forest virus populations are biologically and physically heterogeneous. J Gen Virol 65: 1273-1283, 1984.
108. BARRETT ADT, Dimmock NJ. Modulation of a systemic Semliki Forest virus infection in mice by defective interfering virus. J Gen Virol 65: 1827-1831, 1984.
109. BARRETT ADT, Crouch CF, Dimmock NJ. Assay of defective-interfering Semliki Forest virus by the inhibition of synthesis of virus-specified RNAs. J Gen Virol 54: 273-280, 1981
110. Morris AG, BARRETT ADT, Bird RM, Burke DC. The effects of malignant transformation on the sensitivity of murine fibroblasts to the antiviral effects of interferon. FEMS Microbiology Letters 6: 139-141, 1979

Search PubMed database for Alan Barrett