UTMB Department of Pathology

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Arboviral Ecology and Vaccine Development

Our research focuses on the genetics, ecology, evolution and pathogenesis of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), virus-mosquito interactions and vaccine development. I currently have 5 major research projects funded by NIH grants:

1. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is responsible for several recent human and equine outbreaks in northern South America and Mexico. We have shown that epidemic VEEV strains evolved very recently from avirulent, enzootic viruses that circulate in sylvatic foci involving rodent hosts and mosquito vectors. We are using ecological studies, laboratory transmission experiments, and reverse genetic approaches to study VEE emergence at the molecular, ecological and geographic levels. The latter approach relies on satellite imagery to map the locations of enzootic VEE viruses with emergence potential. This project involves collaborations with scientists in Venezuela, Colombia and Mexico, and at the USDA.

2. We use similar approaches to study retrospectively the emergence of urban dengue viruses from zoonotic progenitors that use non-human primate reservoir hosts and sylvatic mosquito vectors. This project involves a collaboration with scientists at the Institut Pasteur in Senegal. Susceptibility studies have demonstrated that emergence of urban dengue was medicated by adaptation to peridomestic vectors, and the genetic determinants of this adaptation are now being identified.

3. We are also examining the effect of deforestation on arboviral diseases in the Amazon basin of Peru. Humans are now an important component of Amazonian ecological systems, and we hypothesize that anthropogenic disturbances alter the frequency of contact among reservoir hosts, vectors and viruses, changing transmission cycles and promoting epidemic emergence. Ecologic and laboratory studies are being used to test 3 hypotheses: (1) deforestation alters the enzootic transmission ecology, as vectors, reservoir hosts or viruses differentially respond or adapt to anthropogenic changes; (2) deforestation results in increased exposure of humans to arboviruses through ecotone elongation and peridomestic virus circulation; (3) arboviruses can adapt to introduced, peridomestic mosquito vectors and human hosts to colonize tropical cities, with devastating public health consequences. This project involves collaborations with mosquito and mammal ecologists at the University of Florida, Texas Tech University and the U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment in Peru.

4. Because the vectors of most neotropical arboviruses belong to a subgenus [Culex (Melanoconion)] with poorly developed taxonomy and systematics, we are studying this group using molecular phylogenetics to develop a natural classification and genetic diagnostic tools. This project is a collaboration with Dr. Juan Carlos Navarro the Central University of Venezuela.

5. We are also developing new chimeric vaccines against VEEV, as well as eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses. Based on the Sindbis virus backbone and encephalitic alphavirus structural proteins, these chimeric viruses are useful as diagnostic reagents to improve laboratory safety. This project involves collaborations with Drs. Ilya Frolov, Slobodan Paessler and Judy Aronson at UTMB, Hans Heider at U. T. San Antonio, and William Klimstra and Kate Ryman at the LSU Medical Center.

1. Aguilar PV, Greene IP, Coffey LL, Medina G, Moncayo AC, Anishchenko M, Ludwig GV, Turell MJ, O'Guinn ML, Lee J, Tesh RB, Watts DM, Russell KL, Hice C, Yanoviak S, Morrison AC, Klein TA, Dohm DJ, Guzman H, Travassos da Rosa AP, Guevara C, Kochel T, Olson J, Cabezas C, Weaver SC. Endemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in northern Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 10 (5): 880-8, 2004
2. Beasley DW, Holbrook MR, Travassos Da Rosa AP, Coffey L, Carrara AS, Phillippi-Falkenstein K, Bohm RP, Jr., Ratterree MS, Lillibridge KM, Ludwig GV, Estrada-Franco J, Weaver SC, Tesh RB, Shope RE, Barrett AD. Use of a recombinant envelope protein subunit antigen for specific serological diagnosis of west nile virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 42 (6): 2759-65, 2004
3. Anishchenko M, Paessler S, Greene IP, Aguilar PV, Carrara AS, Weaver SC. Generation and characterization of closely related epizootic and enzootic infectious cDNA clones for studying interferon sensitivity and emergence mechanisms of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J. Virol. 78 (1): 1-8, 2004
4. Navarro JC, Weaver SC. Molecular phylogeny of the Vomerifer and Pedroi Groups in the Spissipes Section of the subgenus Culex (Melanoconion). J Med Entomol 41 (4): 575-81, 2004
5. Brault AC, Powers AM, Ortiz D, Estrada-Franco JG, Navarro-Lopez R, Weaver SC. Venezuelan equine encephalitis emergence: Enhanced vector infection from a single amino acid substitution in the envelope glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 (31): 11344-9, 2004
6. Ortiz DI, Weaver SC. Susceptibility of Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) to Infection with Epizootic (Subtype IC) and Enzootic (Subtype ID) Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Viruses: Evidence for Epizootic Strain Adaptation. J. Med. Entomol. 41 (5): 987-993, 2004
7. Moncayo AC, Fernandez Z, Diallo M, Ortiz D, Sall A, Hartman S, Davis CT, Coffey LL, Mathiot CC, Tesh RB, Weaver SC. Emergence of epidemic dengue through the adaptation of sylvatic progenitor viruses to anthropophilic mosquito vectors. Emerg. Infect. Dis 10 (10): 1790-1796, 2004
8. Paessler S, Aguilar P, Anishchenko M, Wang HQ, Aronson J, Campbell G, Cararra AS, Weaver SC. The Hamster as an Animal Model for Eastern Equine Encephalitis--and Its Use in Studies of Virus Entrance into the Brain. J Infect Dis 189 (11): 2072-6, 2004
9. Fernández Z, Moncayo A, Forattini OP, Weaver SC. Susceptibility of urban and rural strains of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) from São Paulo State, Brazil to infection by dengue-1 and -2 viruses. J. Med. Entomol. 41 (5): 961-964, 2004
10. Gonzalez-Salazar D, Estrada-Franco JG, Carrara AS, Aronson JF, Weaver SC. Equine Amplification and Virulence of Subtype IE Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Viruses Isolated during the 1993 and 1996 Mexican Epizootics. Emerg Infect Dis 9 (2): 161-8., 2003
11. Ferro C, Boshell J, Moncayo AC, Gonzalez M, Ahumada ML, Kang W, Weaver SC. Natural Enzootic Vectors of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus in the Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9 (1): 49-54, 2003
12. Wang E, Brault AC, Powers AM, Kang W, Weaver SC. Glycosaminoglycan binding properties of natural Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus isolates. J Virol 77 (2): 1204-10., 2003
13. Fernández Z, Moncayo AC, Carrara AS, Forattini OP, Weaver SC. Vector competence of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) from São Paulo State, Brazil for IC, ID and IF subtypes of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J. Med. Entomol. 40 (4): 522-527, 2003
14. Estrada-Franco JG, Navarro-Lopez R, Beasley DW, Coffey L, Carrara AS, Travassos da Rosa A, Clements T, Wang E, Ludwig GV, Cortes AC, Ramirez PP, Tesh RB, Barrett AD, Weaver SC. West Nile virus in Mexico: evidence of widespread circulation since July 2002. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9 (12): 1604-7, 2003
15. Paredes A, Alwell-Warda K, Weaver SC, Chiu W, Watowich SJ. Structure of isolated nucleocapsids from Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and implications for assembly and disassembly of enveloped virus. J. Virol. 77 (1): 659-64. 2003
16. Paessler S, Fayzulin RZ, Anishchenko M, Greene IP, Weaver SC, Frolov I. Recombinant Sindbis/Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is highly attenuated and immunogenic. J. Virol. 77 (17): 9278-86, 2003
17. Brault AC, Powers AM, Holmes EC, Woelk CH, Weaver SC. Positively charged amino acid substitutions in the E2 envelope glycoprotein are associated with the emergence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J. Virol. 76 (4): 1718-30., 2002
18. Brault AC, Powers AM, Holmes EC, Woelk CH, Weaver SC. Positively charged amino acid substitutions in the E2 envelope glycoprotein are associated with the emergence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J. Virol. 76 (4): 1718-30, 2002
19. Barrera R, Ferro C, Navarro JC, Freier J, Liria J, Salas R, Ahumada M, Vasquez C, Gonzalez M, Kang W, Boshell J, Weaver SC. Contrasting sylvatic foci of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in northern South America. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 67 (3): 324-334, 2002
20. Drebot MA, Henchal E, Hjelle B, LeDuc JW, Repik PM, Roehrig JT, Schmaljohn CS, Shope RE, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, Calisher CH. Improved clarity of meaning from the use of both formal species names and common (vernacular) virus names in virological literature. Arch. Virol. 147 (12): 2465-72, 2002
21. Brault AC, Powers AM, Weaver SC. Vector infection determinants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses reside within the E2 envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol. 76 (12): 6387-6392, 2002
22. Fulhorst CF, Charrel RN, Weaver SC, Ksiazek TG, Bradley RD, Milazzo ML, Tesh RB, Bowen MD. Geographic distribution and genetic diversity of whitewater arroyo virus in the southwestern united states. Emerg Infect Dis 7 (3): 403-407, 2001
23. Salas RA, Garcia CZ, Liria J, Barrera R, Navarro JC, Medina G, Vasquez C, Fernandez Z, Weaver SC. Ecological studies of enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in north- central Venezuela, 1997-1998. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 64 (1-2): 84-92., 2001
24. Moncayo AC, Hice CL, Watts DM, Travassos de Rosa AP, Guzman H, Russell KL, Calampa C, Gozalo A, Popov VL, Weaver SC, Tesh RB. Allpahuayo virus: a newly recognized arenavirus (arenaviridae) from arboreal rice rats (oecomys bicolor and oecomys paricola) in northeastern peru. Virology 284 (2): 277-286, 2001
25. Brault AC, Powers AM, Medina G, Wang E, Kang W, Salas RA, De Siger J, Weaver SC. Potential sources of the 1995 Venezuelan equine encephalitis subtype IC epidemic. J Virol, 75 (13): 5823-32., 2001
26. Shurtleff AC, Beasley DWC, Chen JY, Ni H, Suderman MT, Wang H, Xu R, Wang E, Weaver SC, Watts DM, Russell KL and Barrett ADT. Genetic variation in the 3* non-coding region of dengue viruses. Virology, 281 (1): 75-87, 2001
27. Saeed MF, Li L, Wang H, Weaver SC, Barrett AD. Phylogeny of the Simbu serogroup of the genus Bunyavirus. J Gen Virol 82 (9): 2173-81. 2001
28. Powers AM, Brault AC, Shirako Y, Strauss EG, Kang W, Strauss JH, Weaver SC. Evolutionary relationships and systematics of the alphaviruses. J. Virol 75 (21): 10118-31, 2001
29. Mendez W, Liria J, Navarro JC, Garcia CZ, Freier JE, Salas R, Weaver SC, Barrera R. Spatial dispersion of adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a sylvatic focus of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J Med Entomol 38 (6): 813-21, 2001
30. Calisher CH, Blair CD, Bowen MD, Casals J, Drebot MA, Henchal EA, Karabatsos N, LeDuc JW, Repik PM, Roehrig JT, Schmaljohn CS, Shope RE, Tesh RB, Weaver SC. Identification of arboviruses and certain rodent-borne viruses: reevaluation of the paradigm. Emerg Infect Dis 7 (4): 756-8., 2001
31. Barrera R, Torres N, Freier JE, Navarro JC, Garcia CZ, Salas R, Vasquez C, Weaver SC. Characterization of enzootic foci of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in western Venezuela. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 1 (3): 219-30, 2001
32. Moncayo AC, Medina GM, Kalvatchev Z, Brault AC, Barrera R, Boshell J, Ferro C, Freier JE, Navarro JC, Salas R, de Siger J, Vasquez C, Walder R, Weaver SC. Genetic diversity and relationships among enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus field isolates from Colombia and Venezuela. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 65 (6): 738-746, 2001
33. Wang E, Bowen RA, Medina G, Powers AM, Kang W, Chandler LM, Shope RE, Weaver SC. Virulence and viremia characteristics of 1992 epizootic subtype IC Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses and closely related enzootic subtype ID strains. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 (1): 64-9., 2001
34. Travassos da Rosa AP, Turell MJ, Watts DM, Powers AM, Vasconcelos PF, Jones JW, Klein TA, Dohm DJ, Shope RE, Degallier N, Popov VL, Russell KL, Weaver SC, Guzman H, Calampa C, Brault AC, Lemon AP, Tesh RB. Trocara virus: a newly recognized Alphavirus (Togaviridae) isolated from mosquitoes in the Amazon Basin. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 64 (1-2): 93-7., 2001
35. Paredes A, Alwell-Warda K, Weaver SC, Chiu W, Watowich SJ. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus structure and its divergence from Old World alphaviruses. J Virol 75 (19): 9532-7, 2001
36. Weaver SC, Salas RA, de Manzione N, Fulhorst CF, Travasos da Rosa AP, Duno G, Utrera A, Mills JN, Ksiazek TG, Tovar D, Guzman H, Kang W, Tesh RB. Extreme Genetic Diversity among Pirital Virus (Arenaviridae) Isolates from Western Venezuela. Virology 285 (1): 110-8., 2001
37. Weaver SC, Salas RA, de Manzione N, Fulhorst CF, Duno G, Utera A, Mills JN, Ksiazek TG, Tovar D, and Tesh RB. Guanarito virus (Arenaviridae) isolates from endemic and outlying localities in Venezuela: sequence comparisons among and within strains isolated from Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever patients and rodents. Virology 266(1): 189-95. 2000
38. Powers AM, Brault AC, Tesh RB, and Weaver SC. Reemergence of chikungunya and o'nyong-nyong viruses: evidence for distinct geographic lineages and distant evolutionary relationships. J Gen Virol, 81(2): 471-479, 2000
39. Powers AM, Brault AC, Kinney RM, and Weaver SC. The use of chimeric Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses for the molecular identification of natural virulence determinants. J Virol, 74 (9): 4258-4263, 2000
40. Saeed MF, Wang H, Nunes M, Vasconcelos PF, Weaver SC, Shope RE, Watts DM, Tesh RB, and Barrett AD. Nucleotide sequences and phylogeny of the nucleocapsid gene of Oropouche virus. J Gen Virol, 81 (3): 743-748, 2000
41. Wang E, Ni H, Xu R, Barrett AD, Watowich SJ, Gubler DJ, and Weaver SC. Evolutionary relationships of endemic/epidemic and sylvatic dengue viruses. J Virol, 74 (7): 3227-3234, 2000
42. Brault AC, Powers AM, Chavez CLV, Lopez RN, Cachon MF, Gutierrez LFL, Kang W, Tesh RB, Shope RE, and Weaver SC. 1999. Genetic and antigenic diversity among eastern equine encephalitis viruses from North, Central and South America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61(4): 579-86, 1999
43. Walling, DM, Shebib, N, Weaver SC, Nichols, CM, Flaitz, CM, and Webster-Cyriaque, J. The Molecular Epidemiology and Evolution of Epstein-Barr Virus: Sequence Variation and Genetic Recombination in the Latent Membrane Protein-1 Gene. J Infect Dis 179(4): 763-774, 1999
44. Weaver SC, Pfeffer, M, Marriott, K, Kang, W, and Kinney, RM. Genetic evidence for the origins of VEE subtype IAB outbreaks. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60(3): 441-448, 1999
45. Wang, E, Barrera, R, Boshell, J, Ferro, C, Freier, JE, Navarro, JC, Salas, R, Vasquez, C, and Weaver SC. Genetic and phenotypic changes accompanying the emergence of epizootic subtype IC Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses from an enzootic subtype ID progenitor. J Virol 73(5): 4266-71, 1999
46. Oberste MS, Schmura SM, Weaver SC Smith JF. Geographic distribution of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE genotypes in Central America and Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 60: 630-4, 1999
47. Weaver SC, Brault, AC, Kang, W, and Holland, JJ. Genetic and fitness changes accompanying adaptation of an arbovirus to vertebrate and invertebrate cells. J Virol 73(5): 4316-26, 1999
48. Billings AN, Teltow GJ, Weaver SC, Walker DH. Molecular characterization of a novel Rickettsia species from Ixodes scapularis in Texas. Emerg Infect Dis 4: 305-9, 1998
49. Oberste MS, Fraire M, Navarro R, Zepeda C, Zarate ML, Ludwig GV, Kondig JF, Weaver SC, Smith JF Rico-Hesse R. Association of Venezuelan equine encephalitis subtype IE with two equine epizootics in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 100-107, 1998
50. Oberste MS, Weaver SC, Watts DM Smith JF. Identification and genetic analysis of Panama-genotype Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype ID in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 41-6, 1998
51. Frey TK, Abernathy ES, Bosma TJ, Starkey WG, Corbett KM, Best JM, Katow S, Weaver SC. Molecular analysis of rubella virus epidemiology across three continents, North America, Europe and Asia, 1961-1997. J Infect Dis 178: 642-650, 1998
52. Powers, AM, Oberste, MS, Brault, AC, Rico-Hesse, R, Schmura, SM, Smith, JF, Kang, W, Sweeney, W and Weaver SC. Repeated Emergence of Epidemic/epizootic Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis from a Single Genotype of Enzootic Subtype ID Virus. J Virol 71: 6697-6705, 1997
53. Weaver SC, Kang, W, Shirako, Y, Rumenapf, T, Strauss, EG, and Strauss, JH. Recombinational history and molecular evolution of western equine encephalomyelitis complex alphaviruses. J. Virol. 71: 613-623, 1997
54. Cilnis, M, Kang, W, Weaver SC. Genetic conservation of Highlands J viruses. Virology 218: 343-351, 1996
55. Weaver SC, Salas, R, Rico-Hesse, R, Ludwig, GV, Oberste, MS, Boshell, J, and Tesh, RB. Re-emergence of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in South America. Lancet 348: 436-44, 1996
56. Wang, E, Weaver SC, Shope, RE, Tesh, RB, Watts, DM and Barrett, ADT. Genetic variation in yellow fever virus: duplication in the 3'noncoding region of strains from Africa. Virology 225: 274-281, 1996
57. Novella IS, Clarke DK, Quer J, Duarte EA, Lee CH, Weaver SC, Elena SF, Moya A, Domingo E, Holland JJ. Extreme fitness differences in mammalian and insect hosts after continuous replication of vesicular stomatitis virus in sandfly cells. J Virol 69 (11): 6805-9, 1995
58. Rico-Hesse, R, Weaver SC, de Siger, J, Salas, RA. Medina, G, Querales, J. Emergence of a new epidemic/epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in South America. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92: 5278-5281, 1995
59. Weaver SC, Bellew, LA, Hagenbaugh, A, Mallampalli, V, Holland, JJ, Scott, TW. Evolution of alphaviruses in the eastern equine encephalomyelitis complex. J Virol 68: 158 169, 1994
60. Weaver SC, Bellew, LA, Gousset, LA, Repik, PA, Scott, TW, Holland, JJ. Diversity within natural populations of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. Virology 195: 700-709, 1993
61. Weaver SC, Hagenbaugh, A, Bellew, LA, Netesov, SV, Volchkov, VE, Chang, GJJ, Clarke, DK, Gousset, L, Scott, TW, Trent, DW, Holland, JJ. A comparison of the nucleotide sequences of eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses with those of other alphaviruses and related RNA viruses. Virology 197: 375 390, 1993
62. Weaver SC, Lorenz, LH, Scott, TW. Distribution of western equine encephalitis virus in the alimentary tract of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) following natural vs. artificial blood meals. J Med Entomol 30: 391 397, 1993
63. Weaver SC, Hagenbaugh, A, Bellew, LA, Calisher, CH. Genetic characterization of an antigenic subtype of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. Arch Virol 127: 305 314, 1992
64. Weaver SC, Tesh, RB, Guzman, H. Ultrastructural aspects of replication of the New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus in a suspected sandfly vector, Lutzomyia shannoni. Am J Trop Med Hyg 46: 201 210, 1992
65. Weaver SC, Scott, TW, Lorenz, LH. Pathologic changes in the midgut of Culex tarsalis following infection with western equine encephalomyelitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47: 691 701, 1992
66. Weaver SC, Bellew, LA, Rico Hesse, R. Phylogenetic analysis of alphaviruses in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex and identification of the source of epizootic viruses. Virology 191: 282 290, 1992
67. Weaver SC, Scott, TW, Rico Hesse, R. Molecular evolution of eastern equine encephalitis virus in North America. Virology 182: 774 784, 1991
68. Weaver SC, Scott, TW, Lorenz, LH. Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus deposition in Culiseta melanura following ingestion of radiolabeled virus in blood meals. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44: 250 259, 1991
69. Weaver SC, Scott, TW. Peritrophic membrane formation and cellular turnover in the midgut of Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 27: 864 873, 1990
70. Scott, TW, Lorenz, LH, Weaver SC. Susceptibility of Aedes albopictus to infection with eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. J Am Mosq Cont Assoc 6: 274 278, 1990
71. Weaver SC, Scott, TW, Lorenz, LH. Patterns of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in Culiseta melanura. J Med Entomol 27: 878 891, 1990
72. Weaver SC, Scott, TW. Ultrastructural changes in the posterior midgut of Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae) during the gonotrophic cycle. Tissue Cell 22: 895 909, 1990
73. Giancotti, FR, Dorsett, BH, Weaver SC, Bharathur, R, Ioachim, HL, Barber, HR. Description of an endometrioid ovarian cancer cell line. Gynecol Oncol 35: 330 337, 1989
74. Cupp, EW, Kreutzer, RD, Weaver SC. The biosystematics of Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus sensu lato in relationship to Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Mosq Systematics 21: 216 221, 1989
75. Weaver SC, Scott, TW, Lorenz, LH, Lerdthusnee, K, Romoser, WS. Togavirus associated pathologic changes in the midgut of a natural mosquito vector. J Virol 62: 2083 2090, 1988
76. Scherer, WF, Weaver SC, Taylor, CA, Cupp, EW, Dickerman, RW, Rubino, HH. Vector competence of Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus for allopathic and epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36: 194 197, 1987
77. Kotler, DP, Weaver SC, Terzakis, JA. Ultrastructural features of epithelial cells in rectal crypts of patients with AIDS. Am J Surg Pathol 10: 531 538, 1986
78. Weaver SC. Electron microscopic analysis of infection patterns for Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in the mosquito vector, Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35: 624 631, 1986
79. Weaver SC, Scherer, WF, Taylor, CA, Castello, DA, Cupp, EW. Laboratory vector competence of Culex (Melanoconion) cedecei for sympatric and allopathic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35: 619 623, 1986
80. Scherer, WF, Weaver SC, Taylor, CA, Cupp, EW. Vector incompetency: its implications in the disappearance of epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus from Middle America. J Med Entomol 23: 23 29, 1986.
81. Dickerman, RW, Cupp, EW, Groot, H, A, MA, Cura, E, Dickerman, AW, Ibagos, AL, Rico Hesse, R, Taylor, CA, Weaver SC. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus activity in northern Colombia during April and May 1983. PAHO Bull 20: 276 283, 1986
82. Terzakis, JA, Blake, MN, Weaver SC, Reidy, JA. Radiation induced lesion of the oral cavity: thorium depositions detected by x ray microanalysis. J Oral Pathol 59: 399 404, 1985
83. Weaver SC, Scherer, WF, Cupp, EW, Castello, DA. Barriers to dissemination of Venezuelan encephalitis viruses in the Middle American enzootic vector mosquito, Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33: 953 960, 1984.
84. Weaver SC, Fashing, NJ. Dispersal behavior and vector potential of Aedes cantator in southern Maryland. J Med Entomol 18: 317 313, 1981

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