![](3D"slide0001_image002.gif")
TEACH-VIP
T rainin=
g,
E ducating,
A dvancing
C ollaboration in
H ealth on
V iolence and
I njury
P revention
=
Core curriculum
Lesson 14
=
The
materials in this lesson are based on an injury prevention and control curriculum originally =
developed by the World Health =
Organization and a global network =
of injury experts.
![](3D"slide0022_image003.gif")
In=
jury
prevention and control strategies for gender-based violence:sexual violence
Gender=
-based
violence II
Main objective of this lesson&#=
13;
To introduce students to the study,
prevention and control of injuries related to sexual violence.
Core competencies that students=
should
attain by the end of the session
1. To understand the different forms =
and
contexts of sexual violence including:
sexual
violence by intimate partners
forced
sexual initiation
rape
sexual
assault
gang
rape
sexual
trafficking.
2. To be aware of the consequences of=
sexual
violence.
3. To understand the risk factors for=
sexual
violence.
4+
To be aware of different intervention=
s aimed
at controlling or preventing sexual violence.![](3D"slide0019_image004.gif")
Gender-based violence II
TEACH-VIP
Sexual violence
=
“Any sexual =
act,
attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments o=
r advances, or acts =
to
traffic a person’s sexuality, using coercion, thre=
ats of
harm or physical force, by any person regardless of =
relationship to the
victim, in any setting, including but not limited to ho=
me and
work”.
Types of sexual assault
•<=
/span> Child sex=
ual
abuse<=
/div>
•<=
/span> Incest
•<=
/span> Intimate
partner assault
• Acquainta=
nce
rape or sexual assault
•<=
/span> Stranger =
rape
or sexual assault
•<=
/span> Rape duri=
ng
conflict
•<=
/span> Sexual
harassment
•<=
/span> Stalking<=
/span>
•<=
/span> Trafficki=
ng or
sexual exploitation
•<=
/span> Forced ma=
rriage
or cohabitation
•<=
/span> Denial of=
right
to use contraception
•<=
/span> Forced ab=
ortion
•<=
/span> Female ge=
nital
mutilation
•<=
/span> Obligatory
inspection for virginity
Global burden
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:117%'>• True extent of the problem is
unclear
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>•<=
/span>
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:117%'>• One in five women may experience
sexual
violence
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:83%;visibility:hidden'>•<=
/span>
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:117%'>• Begins early on in life for many
women
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>•<=
/span>
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:117%'>• Forced sexual initiation
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>•<=
/span>
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:117%'>• Both adolescent females and males =
report
sexual coercion
=
Global burden
![](3D"slide0004_image006.jpg")
Risk factors
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:117%'>• being young
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:117%'>• using alcohol or drugs
=
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:117%'>• having mental health problems
=
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:117%'>• having previously been raped or se=
xually
abused
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:117%'>• having many sexual partners
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:117%'>• involvement in sex work
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:117%'>• being in an intimate relationship&=
#13;
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:117%'>• being educated and economically
empowered
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:117%'>• poverty
Risk factors
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:117%'>• Community and social
expectations
of female responsibility
=
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:117%'>• Community and socie=
tal
norms of
male superiority and male sexual<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>
entitlement
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:117%'>• Where laws and poli=
cies
related to
gender equality and sexual
<=
/span>
violence are weak
Consequences
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial'>• Unwanted pregnancy=
3;
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;visibility:hidden'>•
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial'>• Gynaecological
complications
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;visibility:hidden'>•
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial'>• Sexually transmitted
diseases
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;visibility:hidden'>•
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial'>• Depression
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;visibility:hidden'>•
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial'>• PTSD
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;visibility:hidden'>•
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;visibility:hidden'>•
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial'>• Social isolation
Prevention
•Individual measures
–counselling, therapy and support =
group initiatives for victims
=
;
–<=
/span>treatment to perpetrators
•
•Developmental approaches
•Health-care services
–<=
/span>collecting medico-legal evidence&=
#13;
–<=
/span>training health providers
–<=
/span>offering other support services
• Educational programmes or
campaigns
– =
raising
awareness on gender relations
– =
media
campaigns
– =
changing
attitudes towards sexual violence
• Legal and policy changes
– broadening definition of rape
=
– reforming sentencing rules/evidenc=
e
– =
removing
corroboration requirements of
victim’s accounts
=
;
• Other actions
Prevention
•<=
/span> Identification of effective
responses
– =
services
evaluation
– =
health
sector responses
– =
defining
psychological support
– programme evaluation
– evaluation of legal reforms=
Policy recommendations
Policy recommendations
•<=
/span> Increased focus on primary
prevention
– programmes aimed at all forms of s=
exual
violence
– culturally appropriate
interventions
– comprehensive prevention programme=
s
– addressing notions of gender equal=
ity
•<=
/span> Addressing sexual abuse within the
health sector
– increased training on prevention,
ethical =
considerations
– =
improved
identification and investigation of cases
– =
use of
international instruments to monitor abuse
– establishment of proper codes of
practice and
procedures for health-care
workers
Policy recommendations
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=
Another form of gender violence that occurs throughout the world is
sexual violence. Wo=
rld
wide, few studies have addressed this issue and not much is know about its prevalence. Sexual
violence can be directed at both men and women.
Sexual violence is defined as “Any sexual act, attempt to obt=
ain
a sexual act, unwanted
sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic a person’s sexuality, using coercion, threats of h=
arm
or physical force, by any person regardless of relationship to the victim, in any setting, including=
but
not limited to h=
ome
and work.”
Coercion includes apart from threat of harm, being dismissed of a j=
ob
or not getting one.=
It
also includes rape defined as forced or coerced penetration even if slight in vulva or anus. Rape by
two or more people is defined as gang rape. Other forms of violence include coerced contact between
mouth and penis, v=
ulva
or anus.
As mentioned before
the extent of this problem at a global level is unknown.
However from
information gathered in surveys from multiple cities around the world it can be estimated that as m=
uch
as one out of every four women may experience violence by an intimate partner and up to one third =
of adolescent girls report their first sex=
ual
experience as being forced.
Other forms of sexual violence apart from those by intimate partners
include forced sexual
initiation, gang rape, sexual trafficking, sexual violence against =
sex workers, sexual violence in educati=
onal
or health care settings and sexual violence used as a weapon of war.As mentioned before
the extent of this problem at a global level is unknown.
However from
information gathered in surveys from multiple cities around the world it can be estimated that as m=
uch
as one out of every four women may experience violence by an intimate partner and up to one third =
of adolescent girls report their first sex=
ual
experience as being forced.
Other forms of sexual violence apart from those by intimate partners
include forced sexual
initiation, gang rape, sexual trafficking, sexual violence against sex workers, sexual violence in
educational or health care settings and sexual violence used as a weapon of war.The magnitude of the problem of sexual violence can be depicted by =
this
image where multip=
le
forms of sexual violence are depicted.
The pyramid represents different levels=
of
information on events. This information can be obtained or not depending on certain circumstanc=
es
that such as sham=
e,
blame or fear of harm.
The image shows how large the problem is and highlights some challe=
nges
related to obtaini=
ng
information on the actual magnitude of the problem.
There is a great overlap between sexual
violence and intimate partner violence and explaining sexual violence is challenging given the
different forms it tak=
es
and contexts in which it occurs. The are multiple risk factors related to sexual violence: They includ=
e;
1. factors related to increasing women’s vulnerability; 2. factors related to increasing
men’s risk of committing rape; 3. peer and family factors and 4; social or
environmental factors that
influence the likelihood of rape or the reactions to it. In regards to the first point these factors include
women’s young age, alcohol and drug consumption, previous sexual abuse or r=
ape,
multiple sexual partners, being a sexual worker, poverty and becoming educated and economically empowered (increases risk of sexual
violence by intimate partner). The second point includes risks like alcohol and drug consumption, psychological factors (coercive sexual
fantasies, hostility towards women, impulsivity, exaggerated sense of masculinity and preference for
impersonal sexual
relations). The third point refers to gang rape (forms of initiation into =
groups or punishment of victims), being
abused in childhood (increases likelihood of victim becoming a perpetrator) and notions of family
honour and sexual purit=
y.
The fourth point includes factors such as poverty and social conditions such as existing laws and
policies related to rape, social norms that promote male entitlement, or count=
ries
where other forms of violence are highly prevalent.
There is a great overlap between sexual violence and intimate partn=
er violence and explaining sexual violence=
is
challenging given the different forms it takes and contexts in which it occurs. The are multiple ri=
sk
factors related to
sexual violence: They include; 1. factors related to increasing women’s vulnerability; 2. factors
related to increasing men’s risk of committing rape; 3. peer and family fac=
tors
and 4; social or environmental factors that influence the likelihood of rape or the reactions to i=
t.
In regards to the first
point these factors include women’s young age, alcohol and drug consumption, previous sexual abuse or r=
ape,
multiple sexual partners, being a sexual worker, poverty and becoming educated and economically empowered (increases risk of sexual
violence by intimate partner). The second point includes risks like alcohol and drug consumption, psychological factors (coercive sexual
fantasies, hostility towards women, impulsivity, exaggerated sense of masculinity and preference for
impersonal sexual
relations). The third point refers to gang rape (forms of initiation into =
groups or punishment of victims), being
abused in childhood (increases likelihood of victim becoming a perpetrator) and notions of family
honour and sexual
purity. The fourth point includes factors such as poverty and social conditions such as existing laws=
and
policies related to rape, social norms that promote male entitlement, or countries where other forms=
of violence are highly prevalent.
There are also impacts in mental health
which include depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep difficulties and somatic complaint=
s.
Suicidal behaviour has
also been documented in victims of sexual abuse and severe harassment.
In some cultures women are forced to ei=
ther
not report the rape to avoid shame or to marry the rapist to restore honour. Other societies cast
out raped women =
or
even murder them to preserve family honour.
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------=_NextPart_01C8328C.F30C29D0
Content-Location: file:///C:/AD279A54/CoreLesson14_files/script.js
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: application/javascript; charset="us-ascii"
function LoadSld()
{
var sld=3DGetObj("SlideObj")
if( !g_supportsPPTHTML ) { =09
sld.style.visibility=3D"visible"
return
}
if( MakeNotesVis() ) return
runAnimations =3D _InitAnimations();
=09
if( IsWin("PPTSld") )
parent.SldUpdated(GetSldId())
g_origSz=3DparseInt(SlideObj.style.fontSize)
g_origH=3Dsld.style.posHeight
g_origW=3Dsld.style.posWidth
g_scaleHyperlinks=3D(document.all.tags("AREA").length>0)
if( g_scaleHyperlinks )
InitHLinkArray()
if( g_scaleInFrame||(IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) )
document.body.scroll=3D"no"
_RSW()
if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() )
FullScrInit();
=09
MakeSldVis();
ChkAutoAdv()
if( runAnimations )
{
if( document.all("NSPlay") )
document.all("NSPlay").autoStart =3D false;
if( sld.filters && sld.filters.revealtrans )
setTimeout( "document.body.start()", sld.filters.revealtrans.duration * =
1000 );
else
document.body.start();
}
}
function MakeSldVis()=20
{
var fTrans=3Dg_showAnimation && SldHasTrans()
if( fTrans )=09
{
if( g_bgSound ) {
idx=3Dg_bgSound.indexOf(",");
pptSound.src=3Dg_bgSound.substr( 0, idx );
pptSound.loop=3D -(parseInt(g_bgSound.substr(idx+1)));
}
SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Apply()=09
}
SlideObj.style.visibility=3D"visible"
if( fTrans )
SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Play()
}
function MakeNotesVis()=20
{
if( !IsNts() ) return false=20
SlideObj.style.display=3D"none"
nObj =3D document.all.item("NotesObj")
parent.SetHasNts(0)
if( nObj ) {=20
nObj.style.display=3D""
parent.SetHasNts(1)
}
return 1
}
function ChkAutoAdv()
{
if(SldHasTrans())
SlideObj.onfilterchange=3DAutoAdv
else
AutoAdv()
}
function AutoAdv()
{
if(!IsWin("PPTSld") || !gUseSldTimings )return
var sld=3DGetCurSld()
if( (sld.mAdvDelay>0) && !parent.IsFramesMode() )
setTimeout("parent.GoToNextSld()",sld.mAdvDelay)
}
function GetObj(id)
{
if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return document.all(id);
else return document.getElementById(id);
}
function SldHasTrans() { return SlideObj.style.filter !=3D ""; }
function GetSldId()=20
{
var regExp =3D /file:\/\/\//i
var pos =3D location.href.search(regExp)
if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "" && pos !=3D -1)
sId =3D location.href.substring(pos)
else
{
sId =3D RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(location.href);
var regExp =3D /\//
var fixedHref =3D sId
var pos =3D -1
=09
pos =3D fixedHref.search(regExp)
while (pos !=3D -1)
{
fixedHref =3D fixedHref.replace(regExp, "\\")
pos =3D fixedHref.search(regExp)
}
=09
if (g_fBaseHyperlink =3D=3D true)
sId =3D "file:///" + fixedHref;
else
sId =3D fixedHref.substring(fixedHref.lastIndexOf('\\') + 1)
}
=09
return sId
}
function HideMenu() { if( frames["PPTSld"] && PPTSld.document.all.item("ctx=
tmenu") && PPTSld.ctxtmenu.style.display!=3D"none" ) { PPTSld.ctxtmenu.styl=
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function IsWin( name ) { return window.name =3D=3D name }
function IsNts() { return IsWin("PPTNts") }
function IsSldOrNts() { return( IsWin("PPTSld")||IsWin("PPTNts") ) }
function SupportsPPTAnimation() { return( navigator.platform =3D=3D "Win32"=
&& navigator.appVersion.indexOf("Windows")>0 ) }
function SupportsPPTHTML()
{
var appVer=3Dnavigator.appVersion, msie=3DappVer.indexOf("MSIE "), ver=3D0
if( msie >=3D 0 )
ver=3DparseFloat( appVer.substring( msie+5, appVer.indexOf(";",msie) ) )
else
ver=3DparseInt(appVer)
return( ver >=3D 4 && msie >=3D 0 )
}
function _RSW()
{
if( !g_supportsPPTHTML || IsNts() ||
( !g_scaleInFrame && (!IsWin("PPTSld") || !parent.IsFullScrMode()) ) )
return
var padding=3D0;
if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFramesMode() ) padding=3D6
cltWidth=3Ddocument.body.clientWidth-padding
cltHeight=3Ddocument.body.clientHeight-padding
factor=3D(1.0*cltWidth)/g_origW
if( cltHeight < g_origH*factor )
factor=3D(1.0*cltHeight)/g_origH
newSize =3D g_origSz * factor
if( newSize < 1 ) newSize=3D1
s=3DSlideObj.style
s.fontSize=3DnewSize+"px"
s.posWidth=3Dg_origW*factor
s.posHeight=3Dg_origH*factor
s.posLeft=3D(cltWidth-s.posWidth+padding)/2
s.posTop=3D(cltHeight-s.posHeight+padding)/2
if( g_scaleHyperlinks )
ScaleHyperlinks( factor )
}
function _InitAnimations()
{
animRuntimeInstalled =3D ''+document.body.localTime !=3D 'undefined';
isFullScreen =3D (window.name =3D=3D "PPTSld") && !parent.IsFramesMode();
g_animUseRuntime =3D g_showAnimation && animRuntimeInstalled && !(isFullSc=
reen && parent.IsSldVisited());
if( g_animUseRuntime ) {
collSeq =3D document.all.tags("seq");
if( collSeq !=3D null ) {
for(ii=3D0;ii numSlds )
gSldJumpIdx =3D numSlds;
if ( gSldJumpIdx >=3D 0 ) {
if ( gSldJumpIdx =3D=3D 0 )
gSldJumpIdx =3D 1;
var jumpTo =3D parseInt(gSldJumpIdx);
gSldJump =3D 0; gSldJumpIdx =3D "";
win.GoToSld( parent.GetSldList().mList[jumpTo-1].mSldHref )
}
}
}
function _KDH()
{
if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 8 ) {
event.returnValue =3D 0;
parent.GoToPrevSld();
}
}
function DocumentOnClick()
{
if( IsNts() || parent.HideMenu() ) return;
if( ( g_allowAdvOnClick && !parent.IsFramesMode() ) ||
(event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D32) ) )
parent.GoToNextSld();
}
var g_supportsPPTHTML =3D SupportsPPTHTML(), g_scaleInFrame =3D 1, gId=3D""=
, g_bgSound=3D"",
g_scaleHyperlinks =3D false, g_allowAdvOnClick =3D 1, g_showInBrowser =
=3D 0, gLoopCont =3D 0, gUseSldTimings =3D 1;
var g_showAnimation =3D g_supportsPPTHTML && SupportsPPTAnimation() && ( (w=
indow.name=3D=3D"PPTSld" && !parent.IsFramesMode()) || g_showInBrowser );va=
r g_animManager =3D null;
var g_animUseRuntime =3D false;
var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime;
var g_animMainSequence =3D null;
var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"End of slide show, click to exit.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Fram=
es", gIsEndShow=3D0, NUM_VIS_SLDS=3D16, SCRIPT_HREF=3D"script.js", FULLSCR_=
HREF=3D"fullscreen.htm";
var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D gO=
tlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true
window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML()
var g_fBaseHyperlink =3D false;
var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0001.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList(=
"slide0022.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0023.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("=
slide0019.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0002.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s=
lide0005.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0020.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sl=
ide0004.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0003.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sli=
de0021.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0006.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slid=
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0018.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0016.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0=
012.htm",1,-1,1));
/*********************************************
Frameset functions
These functions control slide navigation
and state of the frameset.
**********************************************/
function RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href)
{
var regExp =3D /^file:\/\/\//i;
return href.replace(regExp, "")
}
function FullScrInit()
{
g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk
document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black"
document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM;
document.onkeydown =3D _KDH;
document.ondragstart=3DCancel
document.onselectstart=3DCancel
self.focus()
}
function Redirect( frmId )
{=09
var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId()
if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1);
if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) {
obj =3D GetObj("Main-File")
window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId
return 1
}
return 0
}
var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();=20
function CalculateMHTMLPrefix()
{
if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {=20
href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)=20
Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1=20
End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1=20
if (End < Start)=20
return href.substring(0, Start)=20
else=20
return href.substring(0, End)=20
}
return '';
}
function GetTags(base,tag)
{
if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag);
else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag);
}
function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP=
refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) }
function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() }
function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() }
function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() }
function SetHasNts( fVal )
{
if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) {
gHasNts=3DfVal
UpdNavPane()
}
}
function ToggleOtlText()
{
gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp
UpdOtlPane()
}
function ClearMedia()
{
// Clear any sounds playing before launching another browser window. Other=
wise,
// in fullscreen mode, you'll continue to hear the sound in the frames mod=
e.
if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0;
}
function FullScreen()
{=20
if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
PPTSld.document.body.pause();
ClearMedia();
var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF =
: FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref;
if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "")
href =3D RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href)
if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) {
var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0
var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW
win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top=
=3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h );
if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow;
}
else
{
win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" );
if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow;
}
}
function ToggleVNarration()
{
rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay")
if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) {
if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) )
rObj.Play()
else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 )
rObj.Pause()
else
return;
}
else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
{
narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID")
if( narObj )
narObj.togglePause()
}
}
function GetCurSldNum()
{ =20
obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld)
if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
return obj.mSldIdx
else =20
return gCurSld
}
function GetNumSlds()
{ =20
if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds;
else
return GetSldList().mList.length
}
function GetSldNum( href )
{
for(ii=3D0; ii 1 )
PopSldList();
else if( !IsFramesMode() ) {
if( gLoopCont )
GoToFirst()
else
EndShow()
}
}
function GoToPrevSld()
{
ii=3DgCurSld-1
if( ii > 0 ) {
obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii)
while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) )
obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii)
if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1
GoToSldNum(ii)
}
}
function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) }
function GoToLast()
{
ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length
if( ii !=3D gCurSld )
GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref )
}
function GoToSldNum( num )
{
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
obj =3D GetHrefObj( num )
obj.mVis=3D1
gPrevSld=3DgCurSld
gCurSld =3D num;
=09
if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "")
PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(obj.mSldHref=
))
else
PPTSld.location.replace(obj.mSldHref)
=09
if( IsFramesMode() ) {
UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane()
}
}
function GoToSld( href )
{
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1
if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "")
PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href))
else
PPTSld.location.replace(href)
}
function SldUpdated( id )
{
if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return
gPrevSld=3DgCurSld
gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id)
if( IsFramesMode() ) {
UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane()
}
}
function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) }
function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO=
bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) }
function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) }
function CloseWindow() {
if( HideMenu() ) return;
=09
var event =3D PPTSld.event;
if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D=
=3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) )
window.close( self );
CatchNumKeys( self, event );
}
function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; }
function SetupEndShow() {
gIsEndShow=3D1;
PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no";
PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow;
PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow;
PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM;
}
function EndShow()
{
if( IsFramesMode() ) return
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
doc=3DPPTSld.document
var dir =3D doc.body.dir
if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr";
doc.open()
doc.writeln(' 0) {
PushSldList(sldList,fEnd);
gCurSld =3D 1;
}
else
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
}
function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) {
var ii =3D gSldStack.length;
gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd);
GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref );
}
function PopSldList() {
if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow)
EndShow()
else {
gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld;
gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null;
gSldStack.length--;
var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1];
GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref );
}
}
var custShowList=3Dnew Array();
/*********************************************
Navigation button implementation
There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn
implemented as function objects. They share
a similiar interface so the event handlers
can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20
object without needing to know exactly=20
what type of button it is.
**********************************************/
//----------------------------------
function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action )
//----------------------------------
{
var t=3Dthis
t.Perform =3D _IBP
t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA
t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI
t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP
t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD
t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE
t.ChangeIcon =3D null
t.UserAction =3D action
t.ChgState =3D _IBUI
t.mObjId =3D oId
t.mBorderId=3D bId
t.mWidth =3D w
t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0
}
function _IBSetA()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
function _IBSetI()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0=20
}
}
function _IBSetP()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 )
obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1
}
}
function _IBSetD()
{ =20
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0=20
}
function _IBSetE( state )
{
var t=3Dthis
GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible"
if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) {
t.mIsOn=3Dstate
if( state )
t.SetInactive()
else
t.SetDisabled()
}
}
function _IBP()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn ) {
if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
t.UserAction()
if( t.ChangeIcon ) {
obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId)
if( t.ChangeIcon() )
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth
else
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth
}
t.SetActive()
} =20
}
function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState )
{
var t=3Dthis
SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 )
obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId )
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj=
.style.posTop
t.mCurState=3DnextState
return obj
}
//-----------------------------------------
function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState )
//-----------------------------------------
{
var t=3Dthis
t.Perform =3D _TBP
t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA
t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI
t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP
t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD
t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE
t.GetState =3D chkState
t.UserAction =3D action
t.ChgState =3D _TBUI
t.mObjId =3D oId
t.m_elementsId=3D oeId
t.mIsOn =3D 1
}
function _TBSetA()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 )
}
function _TBSetI()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
}
function _TBSetP()
{
if( this.mIsOn )
this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
}
function _TBSetD()
{ =20
this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
this.mIsOn =3D 0
}
function _TBSetE()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
else
t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
t.mIsOn =3D 1
}
function _TBP()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn ) {=20
if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
t.UserAction()
if( !t.GetState )
return
if( t.GetState() )
t.SetPressed()
else
t.SetActive()
} =20
}
function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset )
{
SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 )
Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset )
}
function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle=
ft }
function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight )
{
s=3Dobj.style;
s.borderStyle =3D "solid"
s.borderWidth =3D 1=20
s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft
s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight
}
function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] }
function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() }
function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() }
function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() }
function BtnOnUp()
{
b=3DGetBtnObj()
if( b !=3D null )
b.Perform()
else
Upd()
}
function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen }
function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen }
function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp }
function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal )
{
s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style
s.display=3D"none"
if( fVal )
s.display=3D""
else
s.display=3D"none"
}
function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S=
etActive() }
function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S=
etInactive() }
function _BSetP_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S=
etPressed() }
function _BSetA_BorderImg()
{=20
b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]=20
if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
function _BSetI_BorderImg()
{=20
b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]
if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"=
THREEDFACE"
var gBtnArr =3D new Array()
gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan=
e,GetOtlState )
gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt=
lPane,GetOtlState )
gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleN=
tsPane )
gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg;
gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg;
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.=
ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState )
gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.To=
ggleNtsPane,GetNtsState )
gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","n=
b_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld )
gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","n=
b_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent=
.FullScreen )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa=
rent.FullScreen,null )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent=
.FullScreen,null )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice=
","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration )
gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlT=
xt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText )
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts"
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag
gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState
/*********************************************
Context menu implementation
_CM() is the function that's hooked up to
the oncontextmenu event. Once we're asked to
show the menu, we first build it by creating
DIVs on-the-fly. Then we position it=20
within the screen area so it doesn't get
clipped.
Creating the DIVs using createElement() means
we don't have to write out any extra HTML
into the slide HTML files.
**********************************************/
var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sAr=
row=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Rectangle",sOval=3D"Oval"
function ShowMenu()
{
BuildMenu();
var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y=
=3DPPTSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop
m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu")
m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx
if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) )
m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth
m.style.pixelTop=3Dy
if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) )
m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight
m.style.display=3D""
}
function _CM()
{
if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return;
if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) {
ShowMenu()
return false
} else
HideMenu()
}
function BuildMenu()
{
if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return
var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body )
mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu"
mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden"
var s=3DmObj.style
s.position=3D"absolute"
s.cursor=3D"default"
s.width=3D"120px"
SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black")
var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj )
SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" )
iObj.style.padding=3D2
CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True )
CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld )
=09
CreateSeparator( iObj )
CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True )
mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible"
}
function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa=
lue=3Dfalse }
function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") }
function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") }
function Perform()
{
e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement
if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() )
e.Action()
else
PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
}
function ChangeClr( bg,clr )
{
e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement
if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) {
e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg
e.style.color=3Dclr
}
}
function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) }
function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() }
function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { gIsEndShow=3D0; history.back();=
PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() }
function M_True() { return true }
function M_End() { window.close( self ) }
function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval )
{
var e=3DCreateItem( node )
e.type=3D"menuitem"
e.Action=3Daction
e.IsActive=3Deval
e.innerHTML=3Dtext
if( !e.IsActive() )
e.style.color=3D"threedshadow"
e.onclick=3DPerform
e.onmouseover=3DHighlight
e.onmouseout=3DDeselect
s=3De.style;
s.fontFamily=3DsFont
s.fontSize=3D"9pt"
s.paddingLeft=3D2
}
function CreateSeparator( node )
{
var sObj=3DCreateItem( node )
SetCMBorder(sObj,"menu","menu")
var s=3DsObj.style
s.borderTopColor=3D"threedshadow"
s.borderBottomColor=3D"threedhighlight"
s.height=3D1
s.fontSize=3D"0px"
}
function CreateItem( node )
{
var elem=3DPPTSld.document.createElement("DIV")
node.insertBefore( elem )
return elem
}
function SetCMBorder( o,ltClr,rbClr )
{
var s=3Do.style
s.backgroundColor=3D"menu"
s.borderStyle=3D"solid"
s.borderWidth=3D1
s.borderColor=3DltClr+" "+rbClr+" "+rbClr+" "+ltClr
}
------=_NextPart_01C8328C.F30C29D0
Content-Location: file:///C:/AD279A54/CoreLesson14_files/fullscreen.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
PowerPoint Presentation
------=_NextPart_01C8328C.F30C29D0--
The consequences of
sexual violence are many.
They include unwan=
ted
pregnancy or gynaecological complications stemming from rape. These complications=
can
be vaginal bleeding, decreased sexual desire, genital irritation, pain during intercours=
e,
chronic pelvic pain =
or
urinary tract infections.
Another major complication is the occurrence of sexually transmitte=
d infections including HIV.
Prevention and care activities rely on several approaches. These
include individual
approaches such as psychological care and support for victims including counselling, therapy and supp=
ort
group activities. In some cases telephone help lines can increase access to services. A few program=
mes aimed perpetrators have been evaluated =
but
are only effective when perpetrators publicly admit responsibility for their acts. Life ski=
lls
and educational
programmes aimed at increasing men’s awareness about their responsibility in sexual violence have
shown promising results in qualitative evaluations.
Developmental approaches include long-term programmes aimed at creating gender balanced parenting
environments, changing stereotypical roles and speaking about sexual aggression and myths about sexual <=
/span>violence.
Health care responses include actions aimed at collecting full
information on incidents,
information on gynaecological and contraceptive history of victims, standard documentation of events, testi=
ng
for sexually transmitted infections, providing emergency contraception, legal counselling on
abortion and
psychological support and referral. Other activities include training of <=
/span>health professionals on detection, care=
and
referral of sexual violence victims. Prophylaxis of HIV infection has also =
been
recommended.
Many public campaigns have been aimed at raising awareness about th=
is problem in society, highlighting the
importance of addressing gender relations and changing attitudes towards sexual violence.
The purpose of these campaigns using the
media and other means of communication has also been to increase networking activities withi=
n communities and build capacity in
governments to implement legislation against gender violence.
Finally in regards to policy and legislation, measures including
broader definitions =
of
rape (including coercion), reforming sentencing rules and removing the requirement that victims
corroborate accounts are some of the key elements that can contribute to the prevention of sexual
violence.
The ratifica=
tion
of international treaties sets legal standards for governments and may contribute to reduce other form=
s of
sexual violence such as sexual trafficking, female genital mutilation and child marriage.
Other actions have been specifically
directed towards reducing rape in armed conflicts and refugee settings.
The implementation of adequate responses by different sectors is
necessary in many nati=
ons.
Development of comprehensive protocols for caring for victims of sexual violence is crucial a=
nd
covers areas related to physical and psychological well being of victims.
While some of the programmes mentioned =
have
been evaluated, the great majority of interventions have not. Evaluation of interventions and=
programmes as well as of the effectiven=
ess
of services is important to identify and recommend best practices in different settings. These =
evaluations include the effects of legal
reforms on the incidence of the problem.
Frequently, focusing more on the provision of services for victims
sidelines primary
prevention activities. Both aspects need to co-exist but a better <=
span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-bi=
di-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial'>balance between primary prevention and =
care
for victims needs to be achieved.
4. Finally programmes that address noti=
ons
of gender equality in the context of child rearing reduce the vulnerability of women and the likeliho=
od
that men will bec=
ome
perpetrators.
Some of the strate=
gies
to do so include:
1. Promotion of
programmes that address all forms of sexual violence in settings such as schools, community and
where existing in refugee settings.
2. Implementation of programmes where
participatory and culturally sensitive approaches are fostered.
3. Programmes that deal with sexual
violence within the wider context of promotion of gender equality. Likewise addressing other social issu=
es related to the socioeconomic causes of
violence such as poor education, decreased access to job opportunities for youth and poverty in gene=
ral
are more likely =
to
address the subject more comprehensively and achieve change in the population.
Some of the preventive actions that relate more directly to the hea=
lth
sector include:
=
;1. Inclusion of the topic of sexual
violence into the basic curricular programmes of health professionals and providing ethical elements
relevant to the
topic.
2. Within
different cultural and social contexts, actively seeking strategies to identify potential cases of sexual viol=
ence
of patients within health institutions.
3. Promoting and strengthening the use of international bodies of
health professions =
and
non-governmental organizations to monitor and compile cases of sexual violence to encourage
governments to take appropriate actions when needed.
4. Identify and implement codes of practice among health workers th=
at include strict disciplinary procedures =
in
cases where abuse has occurred in health settings.
An effective implementation of these activities needs a wide
participation of multiple sec=
tors
of society as well as a solid evidence base.
' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '
![](3D"notes_flag.gif")
No=
tes![](3D"buttons.gif")
![](3D"master03_image001.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0004_image005.jpg"){kind=link}