Obesity, Overweight, and Dyslipidemia in Children and Adolescents

Table of Contents

1. OBESITY, OVERWEIGHT, AND DYSLIPIDEMIA IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
2. DEFINITIONS
3. BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)
4. EPIDEMIOLOGY
5. ETIOLOGY
6. ASSESSMENT
7. CO-MORBIDITIES
   1. CO-MORBIDITIES ,continued
   2. CO-MORBIDITIES , continued
8. HYPERLIPIDEMIA
9. DIET AND EXERCISE RECOMMENDATIONS
10. PHARMACOLOGIC INTERVENTIONS
11. REFERRING TO SUBSPECIALISTS
12. TAKE HOME POINTS
13. RESOURCES & REFERENCES
14. ABOUT THE MODULE

CO-MORBIDITIES

1. Dyslipidemia

Can lead to

• endothelial dysfunction
• carotid intimal thickening
• aortic and coronary arterial fatty streaks and fibrous plaques
• increased left atrial diameter

Multiple studies show that these precursors to atherosclerosis begin in childhood and adolescence. (Belay, 2004; Daniels, 2008; Davis, 2001; De Ferranti, 2009; Voors, 1976)

2. Hypertension

Can subsequently lead to left ventricular hypertrophy

3. Disorders of glucose

• impaired glucose tolerance
• insulin resistance
• diabetes mellitus

4. Gallbladder disease

5. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

6. Liver disease

• nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
• nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
• Both can lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver failure

7. Obstructive sleep apnea

8. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome

9. Orthopedic problems

• SCFE
• increased prevalence of fractures
• back, leg, knee, ankle and foot pain
• impaired mobility
• tibia vara (Blount disease)

10. Pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension)