Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine

Research Activities

Our lab is interested in understanding the molecular mechanisms by which chemokines activate GPCR receptors and bind sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to orchestrate in vivo leukocyte recruitment to the infected tissue and activate leukocytes for microbial killing at the target site.  Precise spatiotemporal control of these processes is essential to mount an effective defense. Impaired recruitment and/or impaired activation will result in incomplete resolution, whereas uncontrolled recruitment and/or premature or sustained activation will result in destruction of healthy tissue and disease. It is now well established that most, if not all, chemokines exist as monomers and dimers, but the molecular mechanisms by which chemokines and monomer-dimer equilibrium mediate leukocyte function remain unknown. Using mouse models, cellular assays, and engineered monomers and dimers, we have shown that both monomers and dimers have differential activities and recruit neutrophils in a highly differential manner, that monomer-dimer equilibrium regulates recruitment, that monomers and dimers differentially bind in vivo GAGs, and that the role of GAG interactions is highly tissue-specific.

Structural Basis of GAG-chemokine interactions. GAG-bound chemokine gradients in the blood and extracellular matrix play crucial roles in directing leukocytes to the site of tissue infection. GAGs, such as heparan sulfate and heparin, are linear polysaccharides, and highly acidic due to multiple sulfate/carboxylate groups in the repeating disaccharide unit. Structure-function studies have established that salt bridge interactions mediate binding. However, very little is known regarding the molecular basis by which these interactions impart specificity, affinity, and function. Our lab is studying how chemokines recognize and bind GAGs using solution NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). In particular, we are interested in developing NMR probes to better describe how proteins engage GAGs, and to understand the causal relationships between structure, dynamics, thermodynamics, and function.

Structural basis of receptor activation. Chemokines are unconventional agonists for class A GPCRs, and the large size of chemokines must confer functional advantages that cannot be achieved by small molecule agonists, and so must have evolved distinct molecular mechanisms that exploit their large size and multi-modular structure. All chemokines share the same structure, but at the functional level, no two chemokines are alike. Some chemokines are highly specific and others are promiscuous; further, monomers and dimers can bind with different affinity and selectivity and elicit a range of downstream signaling events. Receptor activation involves interactions between chemokine N-loop and receptor N-terminal residues (defined as Site-I), and between chemokine N-terminal and receptor extracellular/transmembrane residues (defined as Site-II). How this two-site i model enables large variation in receptor selectivity, affinity, and activity is not known.We propose structural plasticity and dynamics of the binding domains allow a spectrum of Site-I and Site-II interactions, and that Site-I and Site-II interactions are coupled which allow activation of distinct signaling pathways in a chemokine-dependent, monomer/dimer dependent, and receptor-dependent manner. We are currently studying how neutrophil-activating chemokines bind and activate their receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, using solution NMR, cellular assays, and animal models.

Selected Publications

1. Crump, M., Rajarathnam, K., Kim, K-S., Clark-Lewis, I., and Sykes, B. D. Solution Structure of Eotaxin: a Chemokine that Selectively Recruits Eosinophils in Allergic Inflammation J. Biol. Chem. 273:22471-22479 (1998).
   
   
2. Rajarathnam, K., Li, Y., Rohrer, T., and Gentz, R. Solution Structure and Dynamics of Myeloid Progenitor Inhibitor Factor-1 (MPIF-1): A Novel Monomeric CC Chemokine J. Biol.Chem, 276:4909-4916 (2001).
   
   
3. Rajarathnam, K. Designing Decoys for Chemokine-Chemokine Receptor Interaction. Current Pharmaceutical Design 8:2159-2169 (2002).
   
   
4. Fernando, H., Chin, C., Rosgen, J., and Rajarathnam, K. Dimer Dissociation is Essential for Interleukin-8 (IL-8) Binding to CXCR1 Receptor J. Biol. Chem. 279:36175-36178 (2004).
   
   
5. Chauhan, M., Rajarathnam, K., and Yallampalli, C. Characterization of the N-terminal domain of Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide Receptor Components Biochemistry 44:782-789 (2005)
   
   
6. Rajagopalan, L., Rosgen, J., Bolen, W. D., and Rajarathnam, K. Novel use of an osmolyte to dissect thermodynamic linkages between receptor N-domain folding, ligand binding, and ligand dimerization in a chemokine-receptor system: Implications for in vivo regulation 44:12932-12939 (2005).
   
   
7. Rajarathnam, K., Prado, G. N., Fernando, H., Clark-Lewis, I., Navarro, J. Probing receptor binding activity of interleukin-8 dimer using a disulfide trap. Biochemistry 45:7882-7888 (2006).
   
   
8. Rajarathnam, K. A reply to 'A novel peptide CXCR ligand derived from extracellular matrix degradation during airway inflammation'. Nature Medicine 12:603-604 (2006).
   
   
9. Rajagopalan, L. and Rajarathnam, K. Structural basis of chemokine receptor function - A model for binding affinity and ligand selectivity Bioscience Reports 26:325-339 (2006).
   
   
10. Fernando, H., Nagle, G., and Rajarathnam, K. Thermodynamic Basis of Interleukin-8 Monomer Binding to the CXCR1 Receptor N-domain: An Isothermal Titration Calorimetry Study 274: 241-251 (2007).